@copying
-This manual is for @acronym{GNU} Bison (version @value{VERSION},
-@value{UPDATED}), the @acronym{GNU} parser generator.
+This manual (@value{UPDATED}) is for @acronym{GNU} Bison (version
+@value{VERSION}), the @acronym{GNU} parser generator.
Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998,
-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
(a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
``@acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License.''
-(a) The @acronym{FSF}'s Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy
-and modify this @acronym{GNU} Manual, like @acronym{GNU} software.
-Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for
-@acronym{GNU} development.''
+(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
+modify this @acronym{GNU} manual. Buying copies from the @acronym{FSF}
+supports it in developing @acronym{GNU} and promoting software
+freedom.''
@end quotation
@end copying
@menu
* Introduction::
* Conditions::
-* Copying:: The @acronym{GNU} General Public License says
- how you can copy and share Bison
+* Copying:: The @acronym{GNU} General Public License says
+ how you can copy and share Bison.
Tutorial sections:
-* Concepts:: Basic concepts for understanding Bison.
-* Examples:: Three simple explained examples of using Bison.
+* Concepts:: Basic concepts for understanding Bison.
+* Examples:: Three simple explained examples of using Bison.
Reference sections:
-* Grammar File:: Writing Bison declarations and rules.
-* Interface:: C-language interface to the parser function @code{yyparse}.
-* Algorithm:: How the Bison parser works at run-time.
-* Error Recovery:: Writing rules for error recovery.
+* Grammar File:: Writing Bison declarations and rules.
+* Interface:: C-language interface to the parser function @code{yyparse}.
+* Algorithm:: How the Bison parser works at run-time.
+* Error Recovery:: Writing rules for error recovery.
* Context Dependency:: What to do if your language syntax is too
- messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly.
-* Debugging:: Understanding or debugging Bison parsers.
-* Invocation:: How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file).
-* C++ Language Interface:: Creating C++ parser objects.
-* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions
-* Table of Symbols:: All the keywords of the Bison language are explained.
-* Glossary:: Basic concepts are explained.
-* Copying This Manual:: License for copying this manual.
-* Index:: Cross-references to the text.
+ messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly.
+* Debugging:: Understanding or debugging Bison parsers.
+* Invocation:: How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file).
+* Other Languages:: Creating C++ and Java parsers.
+* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions
+* Table of Symbols:: All the keywords of the Bison language are explained.
+* Glossary:: Basic concepts are explained.
+* Copying This Manual:: License for copying this manual.
+* Index:: Cross-references to the text.
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
The Concepts of Bison
-* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
- as mathematical ideas.
-* Grammar in Bison:: How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
-* Semantic Values:: Each token or syntactic grouping can have
- a semantic value (the value of an integer,
- the name of an identifier, etc.).
-* Semantic Actions:: Each rule can have an action containing C code.
-* GLR Parsers:: Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
-* Locations Overview:: Tracking Locations.
-* Bison Parser:: What are Bison's input and output,
- how is the output used?
-* Stages:: Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
-* Grammar Layout:: Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
+* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
+ as mathematical ideas.
+* Grammar in Bison:: How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
+* Semantic Values:: Each token or syntactic grouping can have
+ a semantic value (the value of an integer,
+ the name of an identifier, etc.).
+* Semantic Actions:: Each rule can have an action containing C code.
+* GLR Parsers:: Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
+* Locations Overview:: Tracking Locations.
+* Bison Parser:: What are Bison's input and output,
+ how is the output used?
+* Stages:: Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
+* Grammar Layout:: Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
Writing @acronym{GLR} Parsers
-* Simple GLR Parsers:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
-* Merging GLR Parses:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
-* GLR Semantic Actions:: Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
-* Compiler Requirements:: @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
+* Simple GLR Parsers:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
+* Merging GLR Parses:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
+* GLR Semantic Actions:: Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
+* Compiler Requirements:: @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
Examples
-* RPN Calc:: Reverse polish notation calculator;
- a first example with no operator precedence.
-* Infix Calc:: Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
- Operator precedence is introduced.
+* RPN Calc:: Reverse polish notation calculator;
+ a first example with no operator precedence.
+* Infix Calc:: Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
+ Operator precedence is introduced.
* Simple Error Recovery:: Continuing after syntax errors.
* Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.
-* Multi-function Calc:: Calculator with memory and trig functions.
- It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
-* Exercises:: Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
+* Multi-function Calc:: Calculator with memory and trig functions.
+ It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
+* Exercises:: Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
Reverse Polish Notation Calculator
-* Decls: Rpcalc Decls. Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
-* Rules: Rpcalc Rules. Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
-* Lexer: Rpcalc Lexer. The lexical analyzer.
-* Main: Rpcalc Main. The controlling function.
-* Error: Rpcalc Error. The error reporting function.
-* Gen: Rpcalc Gen. Running Bison on the grammar file.
-* Comp: Rpcalc Compile. Run the C compiler on the output code.
+* Rpcalc Declarations:: Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
+* Rpcalc Rules:: Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
+* Rpcalc Lexer:: The lexical analyzer.
+* Rpcalc Main:: The controlling function.
+* Rpcalc Error:: The error reporting function.
+* Rpcalc Generate:: Running Bison on the grammar file.
+* Rpcalc Compile:: Run the C compiler on the output code.
Grammar Rules for @code{rpcalc}
Location Tracking Calculator: @code{ltcalc}
-* Decls: Ltcalc Decls. Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
-* Rules: Ltcalc Rules. Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
-* Lexer: Ltcalc Lexer. The lexical analyzer.
+* Ltcalc Declarations:: Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
+* Ltcalc Rules:: Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
+* Ltcalc Lexer:: The lexical analyzer.
Multi-Function Calculator: @code{mfcalc}
-* Decl: Mfcalc Decl. Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
-* Rules: Mfcalc Rules. Grammar rules for the calculator.
-* Symtab: Mfcalc Symtab. Symbol table management subroutines.
+* Mfcalc Declarations:: Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
+* Mfcalc Rules:: Grammar rules for the calculator.
+* Mfcalc Symbol Table:: Symbol table management subroutines.
Bison Grammar Files
Outline of a Bison Grammar
-* Prologue:: Syntax and usage of the prologue.
+* Prologue:: Syntax and usage of the prologue.
* Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.
-* Bison Declarations:: Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
-* Grammar Rules:: Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
-* Epilogue:: Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
+* Bison Declarations:: Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
+* Grammar Rules:: Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
+* Epilogue:: Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
Defining Language Semantics
* Expect Decl:: Suppressing warnings about parsing conflicts.
* Start Decl:: Specifying the start symbol.
* Pure Decl:: Requesting a reentrant parser.
+* Push Decl:: Requesting a push parser.
* Decl Summary:: Table of all Bison declarations.
Parser C-Language Interface
-* Parser Function:: How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
-* Lexical:: You must supply a function @code{yylex}
- which reads tokens.
-* Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
-* Action Features:: Special features for use in actions.
-* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's
- native language.
+* Parser Function:: How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
+* Push Parser Function:: How to call @code{yypush_parse} and what it returns.
+* Pull Parser Function:: How to call @code{yypull_parse} and what it returns.
+* Parser Create Function:: How to call @code{yypstate_new} and what it returns.
+* Parser Delete Function:: How to call @code{yypstate_delete} and what it returns.
+* Lexical:: You must supply a function @code{yylex}
+ which reads tokens.
+* Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
+* Action Features:: Special features for use in actions.
+* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's
+ native language.
The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex}
* Calling Convention:: How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.
-* Token Values:: How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
- of the token it has read.
-* Token Locations:: How @code{yylex} must return the text location
- (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
- actions want that.
-* Pure Calling:: How the calling convention differs
- in a pure parser (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
+* Token Values:: How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
+ of the token it has read.
+* Token Locations:: How @code{yylex} must return the text location
+ (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
+ actions want that.
+* Pure Calling:: How the calling convention differs in a pure parser
+ (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
The Bison Parser Algorithm
* Contextual Precedence:: When an operator's precedence depends on context.
* Parser States:: The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
* Reduce/Reduce:: When two rules are applicable in the same situation.
-* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
+* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
* Generalized LR Parsing:: Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
* Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted. How to avoid it.
Operator Precedence
* Why Precedence:: An example showing why precedence is needed.
-* Using Precedence:: How to specify precedence in Bison grammars.
+* Using Precedence:: How to specify precedence and associativity.
+* Precedence Only:: How to specify precedence only.
* Precedence Examples:: How these features are used in the previous example.
* How Precedence:: How they work.
* Option Cross Key:: Alphabetical list of long options.
* Yacc Library:: Yacc-compatible @code{yylex} and @code{main}.
-C++ Language Interface
+Parsers Written In Other Languages
* C++ Parsers:: The interface to generate C++ parser classes
-* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use
+* Java Parsers:: The interface to generate Java parser classes
C++ Parsers
* C++ Location Values:: The position and location classes
* C++ Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser
* C++ Scanner Interface:: Exchanges between yylex and parse
+* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use
A Complete C++ Example
* Calc++ Scanner:: A pure C++ Flex scanner
* Calc++ Top Level:: Conducting the band
+Java Parsers
+
+* Java Bison Interface:: Asking for Java parser generation
+* Java Semantic Values:: %type and %token vs. Java
+* Java Location Values:: The position and location classes
+* Java Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser
+* Java Scanner Interface:: Specifying the scanner for the parser
+* Java Action Features:: Special features for use in actions
+* Java Differences:: Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
+* Java Declarations Summary:: List of Bison declarations used with Java
+
Frequently Asked Questions
-* Memory Exhausted:: Breaking the Stack Limits
-* How Can I Reset the Parser:: @code{yyparse} Keeps some State
-* Strings are Destroyed:: @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings
-* Implementing Gotos/Loops:: Control Flow in the Calculator
-* Multiple start-symbols:: Factoring closely related grammars
-* Secure? Conform?:: Is Bison @acronym{POSIX} safe?
-* I can't build Bison:: Troubleshooting
-* Where can I find help?:: Troubleshouting
-* Bug Reports:: Troublereporting
-* Other Languages:: Parsers in Java and others
-* Beta Testing:: Experimenting development versions
-* Mailing Lists:: Meeting other Bison users
+* Memory Exhausted:: Breaking the Stack Limits
+* How Can I Reset the Parser:: @code{yyparse} Keeps some State
+* Strings are Destroyed:: @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings
+* Implementing Gotos/Loops:: Control Flow in the Calculator
+* Multiple start-symbols:: Factoring closely related grammars
+* Secure? Conform?:: Is Bison @acronym{POSIX} safe?
+* I can't build Bison:: Troubleshooting
+* Where can I find help?:: Troubleshouting
+* Bug Reports:: Troublereporting
+* More Languages:: Parsers in C++, Java, and so on
+* Beta Testing:: Experimenting development versions
+* Mailing Lists:: Meeting other Bison users
Copying This Manual
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
+* Copying This Manual:: License for copying this manual.
@end detailmenu
@end menu
@cindex introduction
@dfn{Bison} is a general-purpose parser generator that converts an
-annotated context-free grammar into an @acronym{LALR}(1) or
-@acronym{GLR} parser for that grammar. Once you are proficient with
-Bison, you can use it to develop a wide range of language parsers, from those
-used in simple desk calculators to complex programming languages.
+annotated context-free grammar into a deterministic or @acronym{GLR}
+parser employing @acronym{LALR}(1), @acronym{IELR}(1), or canonical
+@acronym{LR}(1) parser tables.
+Once you are proficient with Bison, you can use it to develop a wide
+range of language parsers, from those used in simple desk calculators to
+complex programming languages.
Bison is upward compatible with Yacc: all properly-written Yacc grammars
ought to work with Bison with no change. Anyone familiar with Yacc
exception@dots{}''. The text spells out the exact terms of the
exception.
-@include gpl.texi
+@node Copying
+@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+@include gpl-3.0.texi
@node Concepts
@chapter The Concepts of Bison
use Bison or Yacc, we suggest you start by reading this chapter carefully.
@menu
-* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
- as mathematical ideas.
-* Grammar in Bison:: How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
-* Semantic Values:: Each token or syntactic grouping can have
- a semantic value (the value of an integer,
- the name of an identifier, etc.).
-* Semantic Actions:: Each rule can have an action containing C code.
-* GLR Parsers:: Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
-* Locations Overview:: Tracking Locations.
-* Bison Parser:: What are Bison's input and output,
- how is the output used?
-* Stages:: Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
-* Grammar Layout:: Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
+* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
+ as mathematical ideas.
+* Grammar in Bison:: How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
+* Semantic Values:: Each token or syntactic grouping can have
+ a semantic value (the value of an integer,
+ the name of an identifier, etc.).
+* Semantic Actions:: Each rule can have an action containing C code.
+* GLR Parsers:: Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
+* Locations Overview:: Tracking Locations.
+* Bison Parser:: What are Bison's input and output,
+ how is the output used?
+* Stages:: Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
+* Grammar Layout:: Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
@end menu
@node Language and Grammar
essentially machine-readable @acronym{BNF}.
@cindex @acronym{LALR}(1) grammars
+@cindex @acronym{IELR}(1) grammars
@cindex @acronym{LR}(1) grammars
-There are various important subclasses of context-free grammar. Although it
-can handle almost all context-free grammars, Bison is optimized for what
-are called @acronym{LALR}(1) grammars.
-In brief, in these grammars, it must be possible to
-tell how to parse any portion of an input string with just a single
-token of lookahead. Strictly speaking, that is a description of an
-@acronym{LR}(1) grammar, and @acronym{LALR}(1) involves additional
-restrictions that are
-hard to explain simply; but it is rare in actual practice to find an
-@acronym{LR}(1) grammar that fails to be @acronym{LALR}(1).
+There are various important subclasses of context-free grammars.
+Although it can handle almost all context-free grammars, Bison is
+optimized for what are called @acronym{LR}(1) grammars.
+In brief, in these grammars, it must be possible to tell how to parse
+any portion of an input string with just a single token of lookahead.
+For historical reasons, Bison by default is limited by the additional
+restrictions of @acronym{LALR}(1), which is hard to explain simply.
@xref{Mystery Conflicts, ,Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts}, for
more information on this.
+To escape these additional restrictions, you can request
+@acronym{IELR}(1) or canonical @acronym{LR}(1) parser tables.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.type}, to learn how.
@cindex @acronym{GLR} parsing
@cindex generalized @acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR}) parsing
@cindex ambiguous grammars
@cindex nondeterministic parsing
-Parsers for @acronym{LALR}(1) grammars are @dfn{deterministic}, meaning
+Parsers for @acronym{LR}(1) grammars are @dfn{deterministic}, meaning
roughly that the next grammar rule to apply at any point in the input is
uniquely determined by the preceding input and a fixed, finite portion
(called a @dfn{lookahead}) of the remaining input. A context-free
@cindex shift/reduce conflicts
@cindex reduce/reduce conflicts
-In some grammars, Bison's standard
-@acronym{LALR}(1) parsing algorithm cannot decide whether to apply a
+In some grammars, Bison's deterministic
+@acronym{LR}(1) parsing algorithm cannot decide whether to apply a
certain grammar rule at a given point. That is, it may not be able to
decide (on the basis of the input read so far) which of two possible
reductions (applications of a grammar rule) applies, or whether to apply
(@pxref{Reduce/Reduce}), and @dfn{shift/reduce} conflicts
(@pxref{Shift/Reduce}).
-To use a grammar that is not easily modified to be @acronym{LALR}(1), a
+To use a grammar that is not easily modified to be @acronym{LR}(1), a
more general parsing algorithm is sometimes necessary. If you include
@code{%glr-parser} among the Bison declarations in your file
(@pxref{Grammar Outline}), the result is a Generalized @acronym{LR}
(@acronym{GLR}) parser. These parsers handle Bison grammars that
contain no unresolved conflicts (i.e., after applying precedence
-declarations) identically to @acronym{LALR}(1) parsers. However, when
+declarations) identically to deterministic parsers. However, when
faced with unresolved shift/reduce and reduce/reduce conflicts,
@acronym{GLR} parsers use the simple expedient of doing both,
effectively cloning the parser to follow both possibilities. Each of
merged result.
@menu
-* Simple GLR Parsers:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
-* Merging GLR Parses:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
-* GLR Semantic Actions:: Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
-* Compiler Requirements:: @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
+* Simple GLR Parsers:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
+* Merging GLR Parses:: Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
+* GLR Semantic Actions:: Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
+* Compiler Requirements:: @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
@end menu
@node Simple GLR Parsers
@cindex shift/reduce conflicts
In the simplest cases, you can use the @acronym{GLR} algorithm
-to parse grammars that are unambiguous, but fail to be @acronym{LALR}(1).
-Such grammars typically require more than one symbol of lookahead,
-or (in rare cases) fall into the category of grammars in which the
-@acronym{LALR}(1) algorithm throws away too much information (they are in
-@acronym{LR}(1), but not @acronym{LALR}(1), @ref{Mystery Conflicts}).
+to parse grammars that are unambiguous but fail to be @acronym{LR}(1).
+Such grammars typically require more than one symbol of lookahead.
Consider a problem that
arises in the declaration of enumerated and subrange types in the
valid, and more-complicated cases can come up in practical programs.)
These two declarations look identical until the @samp{..} token.
-With normal @acronym{LALR}(1) one-token lookahead it is not
+With normal @acronym{LR}(1) one-token lookahead it is not
possible to decide between the two forms when the identifier
@samp{a} is parsed. It is, however, desirable
for a parser to decide this, since in the latter case
The effect of all this is that the parser seems to ``guess'' the
correct branch to take, or in other words, it seems to use more
-lookahead than the underlying @acronym{LALR}(1) algorithm actually allows
-for. In this example, @acronym{LALR}(2) would suffice, but also some cases
-that are not @acronym{LALR}(@math{k}) for any @math{k} can be handled this way.
+lookahead than the underlying @acronym{LR}(1) algorithm actually allows
+for. In this example, @acronym{LR}(2) would suffice, but also some cases
+that are not @acronym{LR}(@math{k}) for any @math{k} can be handled this way.
In general, a @acronym{GLR} parser can take quadratic or cubic worst-case time,
and the current Bison parser even takes exponential time and space
@end group
@end example
-When used as a normal @acronym{LALR}(1) grammar, Bison correctly complains
+When used as a normal @acronym{LR}(1) grammar, Bison correctly complains
about one reduce/reduce conflict. In the conflicting situation the
parser chooses one of the alternatives, arbitrarily the one
declared first. Therefore the following correct input is not
analyze the conflicts reported by Bison to make sure that @acronym{GLR}
splitting is only done where it is intended. A @acronym{GLR} parser
splitting inadvertently may cause problems less obvious than an
-@acronym{LALR} parser statically choosing the wrong alternative in a
+@acronym{LR} parser statically choosing the wrong alternative in a
conflict. Second, consider interactions with the lexer (@pxref{Semantic
Tokens}) with great care. Since a split parser consumes tokens without
performing any actions during the split, the lexer cannot obtain
(@pxref{Action Features}), which you can invoke in a semantic action to
initiate error recovery.
During deterministic @acronym{GLR} operation, the effect of @code{YYERROR} is
-the same as its effect in an @acronym{LALR}(1) parser.
+the same as its effect in a deterministic parser.
In a deferred semantic action, its effect is undefined.
@c The effect is probably a syntax error at the split point.
source file to try them.
@menu
-* RPN Calc:: Reverse polish notation calculator;
- a first example with no operator precedence.
-* Infix Calc:: Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
- Operator precedence is introduced.
+* RPN Calc:: Reverse polish notation calculator;
+ a first example with no operator precedence.
+* Infix Calc:: Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
+ Operator precedence is introduced.
* Simple Error Recovery:: Continuing after syntax errors.
* Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.
-* Multi-function Calc:: Calculator with memory and trig functions.
- It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
-* Exercises:: Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
+* Multi-function Calc:: Calculator with memory and trig functions.
+ It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
+* Exercises:: Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
@end menu
@node RPN Calc
@samp{.y} extension is a convention used for Bison input files.
@menu
-* Decls: Rpcalc Decls. Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
-* Rules: Rpcalc Rules. Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
-* Lexer: Rpcalc Lexer. The lexical analyzer.
-* Main: Rpcalc Main. The controlling function.
-* Error: Rpcalc Error. The error reporting function.
-* Gen: Rpcalc Gen. Running Bison on the grammar file.
-* Comp: Rpcalc Compile. Run the C compiler on the output code.
+* Rpcalc Declarations:: Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
+* Rpcalc Rules:: Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
+* Rpcalc Lexer:: The lexical analyzer.
+* Rpcalc Main:: The controlling function.
+* Rpcalc Error:: The error reporting function.
+* Rpcalc Generate:: Running Bison on the grammar file.
+* Rpcalc Compile:: Run the C compiler on the output code.
@end menu
-@node Rpcalc Decls
+@node Rpcalc Declarations
@subsection Declarations for @code{rpcalc}
Here are the C and Bison declarations for the reverse polish notation
The semantic value of the token (if it has one) is stored into the
global variable @code{yylval}, which is where the Bison parser will look
for it. (The C data type of @code{yylval} is @code{YYSTYPE}, which was
-defined at the beginning of the grammar; @pxref{Rpcalc Decls,
+defined at the beginning of the grammar; @pxref{Rpcalc Declarations,
,Declarations for @code{rpcalc}}.)
A token type code of zero is returned if the end-of-input is encountered.
cause the calculator program to exit. This is not clean behavior for a
real calculator, but it is adequate for the first example.
-@node Rpcalc Gen
+@node Rpcalc Generate
@subsection Running Bison to Make the Parser
@cindex running Bison (introduction)
%token NUM
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
-%left NEG /* negation--unary minus */
-%right '^' /* exponentiation */
+%precedence NEG /* negation--unary minus */
+%right '^' /* exponentiation */
%% /* The grammar follows. */
input: /* empty */
types and says they are left-associative operators. The declarations
@code{%left} and @code{%right} (right associativity) take the place of
@code{%token} which is used to declare a token type name without
-associativity. (These tokens are single-character literals, which
+associativity/precedence. (These tokens are single-character literals, which
ordinarily don't need to be declared. We declare them here to specify
-the associativity.)
+the associativity/precedence.)
Operator precedence is determined by the line ordering of the
declarations; the higher the line number of the declaration (lower on
the page or screen), the higher the precedence. Hence, exponentiation
has the highest precedence, unary minus (@code{NEG}) is next, followed
-by @samp{*} and @samp{/}, and so on. @xref{Precedence, ,Operator
+by @samp{*} and @samp{/}, and so on. Unary minus is not associative,
+only precedence matters (@code{%precedence}. @xref{Precedence, ,Operator
Precedence}.
The other important new feature is the @code{%prec} in the grammar
analyzer.
@menu
-* Decls: Ltcalc Decls. Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
-* Rules: Ltcalc Rules. Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
-* Lexer: Ltcalc Lexer. The lexical analyzer.
+* Ltcalc Declarations:: Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
+* Ltcalc Rules:: Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
+* Ltcalc Lexer:: The lexical analyzer.
@end menu
-@node Ltcalc Decls
+@node Ltcalc Declarations
@subsection Declarations for @code{ltcalc}
The C and Bison declarations for the location tracking calculator are
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
-%left NEG
+%precedence NEG
%right '^'
%% /* The grammar follows. */
Note that multiple assignment and nested function calls are permitted.
@menu
-* Decl: Mfcalc Decl. Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
-* Rules: Mfcalc Rules. Grammar rules for the calculator.
-* Symtab: Mfcalc Symtab. Symbol table management subroutines.
+* Mfcalc Declarations:: Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
+* Mfcalc Rules:: Grammar rules for the calculator.
+* Mfcalc Symbol Table:: Symbol table management subroutines.
@end menu
-@node Mfcalc Decl
+@node Mfcalc Declarations
@subsection Declarations for @code{mfcalc}
Here are the C and Bison declarations for the multi-function calculator.
%right '='
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
-%left NEG /* negation--unary minus */
-%right '^' /* exponentiation */
+%precedence NEG /* negation--unary minus */
+%right '^' /* exponentiation */
@end group
%% /* The grammar follows. */
@end smallexample
%%
@end smallexample
-@node Mfcalc Symtab
+@node Mfcalc Symbol Table
@subsection The @code{mfcalc} Symbol Table
@cindex symbol table example
continues until end of line.
@menu
-* Prologue:: Syntax and usage of the prologue.
+* Prologue:: Syntax and usage of the prologue.
* Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.
-* Bison Declarations:: Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
-* Grammar Rules:: Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
-* Epilogue:: Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
+* Bison Declarations:: Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
+* Grammar Rules:: Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
+* Epilogue:: Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
@end menu
@node Prologue
@findex %code requires
@findex %code provides
@findex %code top
-(The prologue alternatives described here are experimental.
-More user feedback will help to determine whether they should become permanent
-features.)
The functionality of @var{Prologue} sections can often be subtle and
inflexible.
field, which identifies the purpose of the code and thus the location(s) where
Bison should generate it.
For C/C++, the qualifier can be omitted for the default location, or it can be
-@code{requires}, @code{provides}, or @code{top}.
-@xref{Table of Symbols,,Bison Symbols}.
+one of @code{requires}, @code{provides}, @code{top}.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,%code}.
Look again at the example of the previous section:
The first line after the warning is required by @code{YYSTYPE} and thus also
needs to appear in the parser source code file.
However, if you've instructed Bison to generate a parser header file
-(@pxref{Table of Symbols, ,%defines}), you probably want that line to appear
-before the @code{YYSTYPE} definition in that header file as well.
+(@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%defines}), you probably want that line to appear before
+the @code{YYSTYPE} definition in that header file as well.
The @code{YYLTYPE} definition should also appear in the parser header file to
override the default @code{YYLTYPE} definition there.
You could even place each of the above directive groups in the rules section of
the grammar file next to the set of rules that uses the associated semantic
type.
+(In the rules section, you must terminate each of those directives with a
+semicolon.)
And you don't have to worry that some directive (like a @code{%union}) in the
definitions section is going to adversely affect their functionality in some
counter-intuitive manner just because it comes first.
equivalent groupings. The symbol name is used in writing grammar rules.
By convention, it should be all lower case.
-Symbol names can contain letters, digits (not at the beginning),
-underscores and periods. Periods make sense only in nonterminals.
+Symbol names can contain letters, underscores, periods, dashes, and (not
+at the beginning) digits. Dashes in symbol names are a GNU
+extension, incompatible with @acronym{POSIX} Yacc. Terminal symbols
+that contain periods or dashes make little sense: since they are not
+valid symbols (in most programming languages) they are not exported as
+token names.
There are three ways of writing terminal symbols in the grammar:
* Expect Decl:: Suppressing warnings about parsing conflicts.
* Start Decl:: Specifying the start symbol.
* Pure Decl:: Requesting a reentrant parser.
+* Push Decl:: Requesting a push parser.
* Decl Summary:: Table of all Bison declarations.
@end menu
the parser, so that the function @code{yylex} (if it is in this file)
can use the name @var{name} to stand for this token type's code.
-Alternatively, you can use @code{%left}, @code{%right}, or
+Alternatively, you can use @code{%left}, @code{%right},
+@code{%precedence}, or
@code{%nonassoc} instead of @code{%token}, if you wish to specify
associativity and precedence. @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator
Precedence}.
You can explicitly specify the numeric code for a token type by appending
-a decimal or hexadecimal integer value in the field immediately
+a nonnegative decimal or hexadecimal integer value in the field immediately
following the token name:
@example
interchangeably in further declarations or the grammar rules. The
@code{yylex} function can use the token name or the literal string to
obtain the token type code number (@pxref{Calling Convention}).
+Syntax error messages passed to @code{yyerror} from the parser will reference
+the literal string instead of the token name.
+
+The token numbered as 0 corresponds to end of file; the following line
+allows for nicer error messages referring to ``end of file'' instead
+of ``$end'':
+
+@example
+%token END 0 "end of file"
+@end example
@node Precedence Decl
@subsection Operator Precedence
@cindex declaring operator precedence
@cindex operator precedence, declaring
-Use the @code{%left}, @code{%right} or @code{%nonassoc} declaration to
+Use the @code{%left}, @code{%right}, @code{%nonassoc}, or
+@code{%precedence} declaration to
declare a token and specify its precedence and associativity, all at
once. These are called @dfn{precedence declarations}.
@xref{Precedence, ,Operator Precedence}, for general information on
operator precedence.
-The syntax of a precedence declaration is the same as that of
+The syntax of a precedence declaration is nearly the same as that of
@code{%token}: either
@example
means that @samp{@var{x} @var{op} @var{y} @var{op} @var{z}} is
considered a syntax error.
+@code{%precedence} gives only precedence to the @var{symbols}, and
+defines no associativity at all. Use this to define precedence only,
+and leave any potential conflict due to associativity enabled.
+
@item
The precedence of an operator determines how it nests with other operators.
All the tokens declared in a single precedence declaration have equal
the one declared later has the higher precedence and is grouped first.
@end itemize
+For backward compatibility, there is a confusing difference between the
+argument lists of @code{%token} and precedence declarations.
+Only a @code{%token} can associate a literal string with a token type name.
+A precedence declaration always interprets a literal string as a reference to a
+separate token.
+For example:
+
+@example
+%left OR "<=" // Does not declare an alias.
+%left OR 134 "<=" 135 // Declares 134 for OR and 135 for "<=".
+@end example
+
@node Union Decl
@subsection The Collection of Value Types
@cindex declaring value types
@code{YYABORT} or @code{YYACCEPT}, or failed error recovery, or memory
exhaustion.
-Right-hand size symbols of a rule that explicitly triggers a syntax
+Right-hand side symbols of a rule that explicitly triggers a syntax
error via @code{YYERROR} are not discarded automatically. As a rule
of thumb, destructors are invoked only when user actions cannot manage
the memory.
Bison reports an error if the number of shift/reduce conflicts differs
from @var{n}, or if there are any reduce/reduce conflicts.
-For normal @acronym{LALR}(1) parsers, reduce/reduce conflicts are more
+For deterministic parsers, reduce/reduce conflicts are more
serious, and should be eliminated entirely. Bison will always report
reduce/reduce conflicts for these parsers. With @acronym{GLR}
parsers, however, both kinds of conflicts are routine; otherwise,
@subsection A Pure (Reentrant) Parser
@cindex reentrant parser
@cindex pure parser
-@findex %pure-parser
+@findex %define api.pure
A @dfn{reentrant} program is one which does not alter in the course of
execution; in other words, it consists entirely of @dfn{pure} (read-only)
including @code{yylval} and @code{yylloc}.)
Alternatively, you can generate a pure, reentrant parser. The Bison
-declaration @code{%pure-parser} says that you want the parser to be
+declaration @code{%define api.pure} says that you want the parser to be
reentrant. It looks like this:
@example
-%pure-parser
+%define api.pure
@end example
The result is that the communication variables @code{yylval} and
@code{yylloc} become local variables in @code{yyparse}, and a different
calling convention is used for the lexical analyzer function
@code{yylex}. @xref{Pure Calling, ,Calling Conventions for Pure
-Parsers}, for the details of this. The variable @code{yynerrs} also
-becomes local in @code{yyparse} (@pxref{Error Reporting, ,The Error
+Parsers}, for the details of this. The variable @code{yynerrs}
+becomes local in @code{yyparse} in pull mode but it becomes a member
+of yypstate in push mode. (@pxref{Error Reporting, ,The Error
Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}). The convention for calling
@code{yyparse} itself is unchanged.
You can generate either a pure parser or a nonreentrant parser from any
valid grammar.
+@node Push Decl
+@subsection A Push Parser
+@cindex push parser
+@cindex push parser
+@findex %define api.push-pull
+
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+A pull parser is called once and it takes control until all its input
+is completely parsed. A push parser, on the other hand, is called
+each time a new token is made available.
+
+A push parser is typically useful when the parser is part of a
+main event loop in the client's application. This is typically
+a requirement of a GUI, when the main event loop needs to be triggered
+within a certain time period.
+
+Normally, Bison generates a pull parser.
+The following Bison declaration says that you want the parser to be a push
+parser (@pxref{Decl Summary,,%define api.push-pull}):
+
+@example
+%define api.push-pull "push"
+@end example
+
+In almost all cases, you want to ensure that your push parser is also
+a pure parser (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}). The only
+time you should create an impure push parser is to have backwards
+compatibility with the impure Yacc pull mode interface. Unless you know
+what you are doing, your declarations should look like this:
+
+@example
+%define api.pure
+%define api.push-pull "push"
+@end example
+
+There is a major notable functional difference between the pure push parser
+and the impure push parser. It is acceptable for a pure push parser to have
+many parser instances, of the same type of parser, in memory at the same time.
+An impure push parser should only use one parser at a time.
+
+When a push parser is selected, Bison will generate some new symbols in
+the generated parser. @code{yypstate} is a structure that the generated
+parser uses to store the parser's state. @code{yypstate_new} is the
+function that will create a new parser instance. @code{yypstate_delete}
+will free the resources associated with the corresponding parser instance.
+Finally, @code{yypush_parse} is the function that should be called whenever a
+token is available to provide the parser. A trivial example
+of using a pure push parser would look like this:
+
+@example
+int status;
+yypstate *ps = yypstate_new ();
+do @{
+ status = yypush_parse (ps, yylex (), NULL);
+@} while (status == YYPUSH_MORE);
+yypstate_delete (ps);
+@end example
+
+If the user decided to use an impure push parser, a few things about
+the generated parser will change. The @code{yychar} variable becomes
+a global variable instead of a variable in the @code{yypush_parse} function.
+For this reason, the signature of the @code{yypush_parse} function is
+changed to remove the token as a parameter. A nonreentrant push parser
+example would thus look like this:
+
+@example
+extern int yychar;
+int status;
+yypstate *ps = yypstate_new ();
+do @{
+ yychar = yylex ();
+ status = yypush_parse (ps);
+@} while (status == YYPUSH_MORE);
+yypstate_delete (ps);
+@end example
+
+That's it. Notice the next token is put into the global variable @code{yychar}
+for use by the next invocation of the @code{yypush_parse} function.
+
+Bison also supports both the push parser interface along with the pull parser
+interface in the same generated parser. In order to get this functionality,
+you should replace the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} declaration with the
+@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration. Doing this will create all of
+the symbols mentioned earlier along with the two extra symbols, @code{yyparse}
+and @code{yypull_parse}. @code{yyparse} can be used exactly as it normally
+would be used. However, the user should note that it is implemented in the
+generated parser by calling @code{yypull_parse}.
+This makes the @code{yyparse} function that is generated with the
+@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration slower than the normal
+@code{yyparse} function. If the user
+calls the @code{yypull_parse} function it will parse the rest of the input
+stream. It is possible to @code{yypush_parse} tokens to select a subgrammar
+and then @code{yypull_parse} the rest of the input stream. If you would like
+to switch back and forth between between parsing styles, you would have to
+write your own @code{yypull_parse} function that knows when to quit looking
+for input. An example of using the @code{yypull_parse} function would look
+like this:
+
+@example
+yypstate *ps = yypstate_new ();
+yypull_parse (ps); /* Will call the lexer */
+yypstate_delete (ps);
+@end example
+
+Adding the @code{%define api.pure} declaration does exactly the same thing to
+the generated parser with @code{%define api.push-pull "both"} as it did for
+@code{%define api.push-pull "push"}.
+
@node Decl Summary
@subsection Bison Declaration Summary
@cindex Bison declaration summary
In order to change the behavior of @command{bison}, use the following
directives:
-@deffn {Directive} %debug
-In the parser file, define the macro @code{YYDEBUG} to 1 if it is not
-already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
+@deffn {Directive} %code @{@var{code}@}
+@findex %code
+This is the unqualified form of the @code{%code} directive.
+It inserts @var{code} verbatim at a language-dependent default location in the
+output@footnote{The default location is actually skeleton-dependent;
+ writers of non-standard skeletons however should choose the default location
+ consistently with the behavior of the standard Bison skeletons.}.
+
+@cindex Prologue
+For C/C++, the default location is the parser source code
+file after the usual contents of the parser header file.
+Thus, @code{%code} replaces the traditional Yacc prologue,
+@code{%@{@var{code}%@}}, for most purposes.
+For a detailed discussion, see @ref{Prologue Alternatives}.
+
+For Java, the default location is inside the parser class.
@end deffn
-@xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
-@deffn {Directive} %defines
-Write a header file containing macro definitions for the token type
-names defined in the grammar as well as a few other declarations.
-If the parser output file is named @file{@var{name}.c} then this file
-is named @file{@var{name}.h}.
+@deffn {Directive} %code @var{qualifier} @{@var{code}@}
+This is the qualified form of the @code{%code} directive.
+If you need to specify location-sensitive verbatim @var{code} that does not
+belong at the default location selected by the unqualified @code{%code} form,
+use this form instead.
-For C parsers, the output header declares @code{YYSTYPE} unless
-@code{YYSTYPE} is already defined as a macro or you have used a
-@code{<@var{type}>} tag without using @code{%union}.
-Therefore, if you are using a @code{%union}
-(@pxref{Multiple Types, ,More Than One Value Type}) with components that
-require other definitions, or if you have defined a @code{YYSTYPE} macro
-or type definition
-(@pxref{Value Type, ,Data Types of Semantic Values}), you need to
-arrange for these definitions to be propagated to all modules, e.g., by
-putting them in a prerequisite header that is included both by your
-parser and by any other module that needs @code{YYSTYPE}.
+@var{qualifier} identifies the purpose of @var{code} and thus the location(s)
+where Bison should generate it.
+Not all values of @var{qualifier} are available for all target languages:
-Unless your parser is pure, the output header declares @code{yylval}
-as an external variable. @xref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant)
-Parser}.
+@itemize @bullet
+@item requires
+@findex %code requires
-If you have also used locations, the output header declares
-@code{YYLTYPE} and @code{yylloc} using a protocol similar to that of
-the @code{YYSTYPE} macro and @code{yylval}. @xref{Locations, ,Tracking
-Locations}.
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): C, C++
-This output file is normally essential if you wish to put the definition
-of @code{yylex} in a separate source file, because @code{yylex}
-typically needs to be able to refer to the above-mentioned declarations
-and to the token type codes. @xref{Token Values, ,Semantic Values of
-Tokens}.
+@item Purpose: This is the best place to write dependency code required for
+@code{YYSTYPE} and @code{YYLTYPE}.
+In other words, it's the best place to define types referenced in @code{%union}
+directives, and it's the best place to override Bison's default @code{YYSTYPE}
+and @code{YYLTYPE} definitions.
-@findex %code requires
+@item Location(s): The parser header file and the parser source code file
+before the Bison-generated @code{YYSTYPE} and @code{YYLTYPE} definitions.
+@end itemize
+
+@item provides
@findex %code provides
-If you have declared @code{%code requires} or @code{%code provides}, the output
-header also contains their code.
-@xref{Table of Symbols, ,%code}.
-@end deffn
-@deffn {Directive} %defines @var{defines-file}
-Same as above, but save in the file @var{defines-file}.
-@end deffn
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): C, C++
-@deffn {Directive} %destructor
-Specify how the parser should reclaim the memory associated to
-discarded symbols. @xref{Destructor Decl, , Freeing Discarded Symbols}.
-@end deffn
+@item Purpose: This is the best place to write additional definitions and
+declarations that should be provided to other modules.
-@deffn {Directive} %file-prefix "@var{prefix}"
-Specify a prefix to use for all Bison output file names. The names are
-chosen as if the input file were named @file{@var{prefix}.y}.
-@end deffn
+@item Location(s): The parser header file and the parser source code file after
+the Bison-generated @code{YYSTYPE}, @code{YYLTYPE}, and token definitions.
+@end itemize
-@deffn {Directive} %language "@var{language}"
-Specify the programming language for the generated parser. Currently
-supported languages include C and C++.
-@var{language} is case-insensitive.
-@end deffn
+@item top
+@findex %code top
-@deffn {Directive} %locations
-Generate the code processing the locations (@pxref{Action Features,
-,Special Features for Use in Actions}). This mode is enabled as soon as
-the grammar uses the special @samp{@@@var{n}} tokens, but if your
-grammar does not use it, using @samp{%locations} allows for more
-accurate syntax error messages.
-@end deffn
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): C, C++
-@deffn {Directive} %name-prefix "@var{prefix}"
-Rename the external symbols used in the parser so that they start with
-@var{prefix} instead of @samp{yy}. The precise list of symbols renamed
-in C parsers
-is @code{yyparse}, @code{yylex}, @code{yyerror}, @code{yynerrs},
-@code{yylval}, @code{yychar}, @code{yydebug}, and
-(if locations are used) @code{yylloc}. For example, if you use
-@samp{%name-prefix "c_"}, the names become @code{c_parse}, @code{c_lex},
-and so on. In C++ parsers, it is only the surrounding namespace which is
-named @var{prefix} instead of @samp{yy}.
-@xref{Multiple Parsers, ,Multiple Parsers in the Same Program}.
-@end deffn
+@item Purpose: The unqualified @code{%code} or @code{%code requires} should
+usually be more appropriate than @code{%code top}.
+However, occasionally it is necessary to insert code much nearer the top of the
+parser source code file.
+For example:
-@ifset defaultprec
-@deffn {Directive} %no-default-prec
-Do not assign a precedence to rules lacking an explicit @code{%prec}
-modifier (@pxref{Contextual Precedence, ,Context-Dependent
-Precedence}).
-@end deffn
-@end ifset
+@smallexample
+%code top @{
+ #define _GNU_SOURCE
+ #include <stdio.h>
+@}
+@end smallexample
-@deffn {Directive} %no-parser
-Do not include any C code in the parser file; generate tables only. The
-parser file contains just @code{#define} directives and static variable
-declarations.
+@item Location(s): Near the top of the parser source code file.
+@end itemize
-This option also tells Bison to write the C code for the grammar actions
-into a file named @file{@var{file}.act}, in the form of a
-brace-surrounded body fit for a @code{switch} statement.
-@end deffn
+@item imports
+@findex %code imports
-@deffn {Directive} %no-lines
-Don't generate any @code{#line} preprocessor commands in the parser
-file. Ordinarily Bison writes these commands in the parser file so that
-the C compiler and debuggers will associate errors and object code with
-your source file (the grammar file). This directive causes them to
-associate errors with the parser file, treating it an independent source
-file in its own right.
-@end deffn
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): Java
-@deffn {Directive} %output "@var{file}"
-Specify @var{file} for the parser file.
-@end deffn
+@item Purpose: This is the best place to write Java import directives.
-@deffn {Directive} %pure-parser
-Request a pure (reentrant) parser program (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure
-(Reentrant) Parser}).
-@end deffn
+@item Location(s): The parser Java file after any Java package directive and
+before any class definitions.
+@end itemize
+@end itemize
-@deffn {Directive} %require "@var{version}"
-Require version @var{version} or higher of Bison. @xref{Require Decl, ,
-Require a Version of Bison}.
+@cindex Prologue
+For a detailed discussion of how to use @code{%code} in place of the
+traditional Yacc prologue for C/C++, see @ref{Prologue Alternatives}.
@end deffn
-@deffn {Directive} %skeleton "@var{file}"
-Specify the skeleton to use. You probably don't need this option unless
-you are developing Bison; you should use @code{%language} if you want to
-specify the skeleton for a different language, because it is clearer and
-because it will always choose the correct skeleton for non-deterministic
-or push parsers.
+@deffn {Directive} %debug
+Instrument the output parser for traces. Obsoleted by @samp{%define
+parse.trace}.
+@xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
@end deffn
-@deffn {Directive} %token-table
-Generate an array of token names in the parser file. The name of the
-array is @code{yytname}; @code{yytname[@var{i}]} is the name of the
-token whose internal Bison token code number is @var{i}. The first
-three elements of @code{yytname} correspond to the predefined tokens
-@code{"$end"},
-@code{"error"}, and @code{"$undefined"}; after these come the symbols
-defined in the grammar file.
+@deffn {Directive} %define @var{variable}
+@deffnx {Directive} %define @var{variable} "@var{value}"
+Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
+The possible choices for @var{variable}, as well as their meanings, depend on
+the selected target language and/or the parser skeleton (@pxref{Decl
+Summary,,%language}, @pxref{Decl Summary,,%skeleton}).
-The name in the table includes all the characters needed to represent
-the token in Bison. For single-character literals and literal
-strings, this includes the surrounding quoting characters and any
-escape sequences. For example, the Bison single-character literal
-@code{'+'} corresponds to a three-character name, represented in C as
-@code{"'+'"}; and the Bison two-character literal string @code{"\\/"}
-corresponds to a five-character name, represented in C as
-@code{"\"\\\\/\""}.
+Bison will warn if a @var{variable} is defined multiple times.
-When you specify @code{%token-table}, Bison also generates macro
-definitions for macros @code{YYNTOKENS}, @code{YYNNTS}, and
-@code{YYNRULES}, and @code{YYNSTATES}:
+Omitting @code{"@var{value}"} is always equivalent to specifying it as
+@code{""}.
-@table @code
-@item YYNTOKENS
-The highest token number, plus one.
-@item YYNNTS
-The number of nonterminal symbols.
-@item YYNRULES
-The number of grammar rules,
-@item YYNSTATES
-The number of parser states (@pxref{Parser States}).
-@end table
-@end deffn
+Some @var{variable}s may be used as Booleans.
+In this case, Bison will complain if the variable definition does not meet one
+of the following four conditions:
-@deffn {Directive} %verbose
-Write an extra output file containing verbose descriptions of the
-parser states and what is done for each type of lookahead token in
-that state. @xref{Understanding, , Understanding Your Parser}, for more
-information.
-@end deffn
-
-@deffn {Directive} %yacc
-Pretend the option @option{--yacc} was given, i.e., imitate Yacc,
-including its naming conventions. @xref{Bison Options}, for more.
-@end deffn
+@enumerate
+@item @code{"@var{value}"} is @code{"true"}
+@item @code{"@var{value}"} is omitted (or is @code{""}).
+This is equivalent to @code{"true"}.
-@node Multiple Parsers
-@section Multiple Parsers in the Same Program
-
-Most programs that use Bison parse only one language and therefore contain
-only one Bison parser. But what if you want to parse more than one
-language with the same program? Then you need to avoid a name conflict
-between different definitions of @code{yyparse}, @code{yylval}, and so on.
+@item @code{"@var{value}"} is @code{"false"}.
-The easy way to do this is to use the option @samp{-p @var{prefix}}
-(@pxref{Invocation, ,Invoking Bison}). This renames the interface
-functions and variables of the Bison parser to start with @var{prefix}
-instead of @samp{yy}. You can use this to give each parser distinct
-names that do not conflict.
+@item @var{variable} is never defined.
+In this case, Bison selects a default value, which may depend on the selected
+target language and/or parser skeleton.
+@end enumerate
-The precise list of symbols renamed is @code{yyparse}, @code{yylex},
-@code{yyerror}, @code{yynerrs}, @code{yylval}, @code{yylloc},
-@code{yychar} and @code{yydebug}. For example, if you use @samp{-p c},
-the names become @code{cparse}, @code{clex}, and so on.
+Some of the accepted @var{variable}s are:
-@strong{All the other variables and macros associated with Bison are not
-renamed.} These others are not global; there is no conflict if the same
-name is used in different parsers. For example, @code{YYSTYPE} is not
-renamed, but defining this in different ways in different parsers causes
-no trouble (@pxref{Value Type, ,Data Types of Semantic Values}).
+@table @code
+@item api.pure
+@findex %define api.pure
-The @samp{-p} option works by adding macro definitions to the beginning
-of the parser source file, defining @code{yyparse} as
-@code{@var{prefix}parse}, and so on. This effectively substitutes one
-name for the other in the entire parser file.
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): C
-@node Interface
-@chapter Parser C-Language Interface
-@cindex C-language interface
-@cindex interface
+@item Purpose: Request a pure (reentrant) parser program.
+@xref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}.
-The Bison parser is actually a C function named @code{yyparse}. Here we
-describe the interface conventions of @code{yyparse} and the other
-functions that it needs to use.
+@item Accepted Values: Boolean
-Keep in mind that the parser uses many C identifiers starting with
-@samp{yy} and @samp{YY} for internal purposes. If you use such an
-identifier (aside from those in this manual) in an action or in epilogue
-in the grammar file, you are likely to run into trouble.
+@item Default Value: @code{"false"}
+@end itemize
+@c api.pure
-@menu
-* Parser Function:: How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
-* Lexical:: You must supply a function @code{yylex}
- which reads tokens.
-* Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
-* Action Features:: Special features for use in actions.
-* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's
- native language.
-@end menu
+@item api.push-pull
+@findex %define api.push-pull
-@node Parser Function
-@section The Parser Function @code{yyparse}
-@findex yyparse
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): C (deterministic parsers only)
-You call the function @code{yyparse} to cause parsing to occur. This
-function reads tokens, executes actions, and ultimately returns when it
-encounters end-of-input or an unrecoverable syntax error. You can also
-write an action which directs @code{yyparse} to return immediately
-without reading further.
+@item Purpose: Requests a pull parser, a push parser, or both.
+@xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+@item Accepted Values: @code{"pull"}, @code{"push"}, @code{"both"}
-@deftypefun int yyparse (void)
-The value returned by @code{yyparse} is 0 if parsing was successful (return
-is due to end-of-input).
+@item Default Value: @code{"pull"}
+@end itemize
+@c api.push-pull
-The value is 1 if parsing failed because of invalid input, i.e., input
-that contains a syntax error or that causes @code{YYABORT} to be
-invoked.
+@item error-verbose
+@findex %define error-verbose
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s):
+all.
+@item Purpose:
+Enable the generation of more verbose error messages than a instead of
+just plain @w{@code{"syntax error"}}. @xref{Error Reporting, ,The Error
+Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}.
+@item Accepted Values:
+Boolean
+@item Default Value:
+@code{false}
+@end itemize
+@c error-verbose
-The value is 2 if parsing failed due to memory exhaustion.
-@end deftypefun
-In an action, you can cause immediate return from @code{yyparse} by using
-these macros:
+@item lr.default-reductions
+@cindex default reductions
+@findex %define lr.default-reductions
+@cindex delayed syntax errors
+@cindex syntax errors delayed
-@defmac YYACCEPT
-@findex YYACCEPT
-Return immediately with value 0 (to report success).
-@end defmac
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): all
+
+@item Purpose: Specifies the kind of states that are permitted to
+contain default reductions.
+That is, in such a state, Bison declares the reduction with the largest
+lookahead set to be the default reduction and then removes that
+lookahead set.
+The advantages of default reductions are discussed below.
+The disadvantage is that, when the generated parser encounters a
+syntactically unacceptable token, the parser might then perform
+unnecessary default reductions before it can detect the syntax error.
+
+(This feature is experimental.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+@item Accepted Values:
+@itemize
+@item @code{"all"}.
+For @acronym{LALR} and @acronym{IELR} parsers (@pxref{Decl
+Summary,,lr.type}) by default, all states are permitted to contain
+default reductions.
+The advantage is that parser table sizes can be significantly reduced.
+The reason Bison does not by default attempt to address the disadvantage
+of delayed syntax error detection is that this disadvantage is already
+inherent in @acronym{LALR} and @acronym{IELR} parser tables.
+That is, unlike in a canonical @acronym{LR} state, the lookahead sets of
+reductions in an @acronym{LALR} or @acronym{IELR} state can contain
+tokens that are syntactically incorrect for some left contexts.
+
+@item @code{"consistent"}.
+@cindex consistent states
+A consistent state is a state that has only one possible action.
+If that action is a reduction, then the parser does not need to request
+a lookahead token from the scanner before performing that action.
+However, the parser only recognizes the ability to ignore the lookahead
+token when such a reduction is encoded as a default reduction.
+Thus, if default reductions are permitted in and only in consistent
+states, then a canonical @acronym{LR} parser reports a syntax error as
+soon as it @emph{needs} the syntactically unacceptable token from the
+scanner.
+
+@item @code{"accepting"}.
+@cindex accepting state
+By default, the only default reduction permitted in a canonical
+@acronym{LR} parser is the accept action in the accepting state, which
+the parser reaches only after reading all tokens from the input.
+Thus, the default canonical @acronym{LR} parser reports a syntax error
+as soon as it @emph{reaches} the syntactically unacceptable token
+without performing any extra reductions.
+@end itemize
-@defmac YYABORT
-@findex YYABORT
-Return immediately with value 1 (to report failure).
-@end defmac
+@item Default Value:
+@itemize
+@item @code{"accepting"} if @code{lr.type} is @code{"canonical LR"}.
+@item @code{"all"} otherwise.
+@end itemize
+@end itemize
-If you use a reentrant parser, you can optionally pass additional
-parameter information to it in a reentrant way. To do so, use the
-declaration @code{%parse-param}:
+@item lr.keep-unreachable-states
+@findex %define lr.keep-unreachable-states
-@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
-@findex %parse-param
-Declare that an argument declared by the braced-code
-@var{argument-declaration} is an additional @code{yyparse} argument.
-The @var{argument-declaration} is used when declaring
-functions or prototypes. The last identifier in
-@var{argument-declaration} must be the argument name.
-@end deffn
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): all
-Here's an example. Write this in the parser:
+@item Purpose: Requests that Bison allow unreachable parser states to remain in
+the parser tables.
+Bison considers a state to be unreachable if there exists no sequence of
+transitions from the start state to that state.
+A state can become unreachable during conflict resolution if Bison disables a
+shift action leading to it from a predecessor state.
+Keeping unreachable states is sometimes useful for analysis purposes, but they
+are useless in the generated parser.
-@example
-%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
-%parse-param @{int *randomness@}
-@end example
+@item Accepted Values: Boolean
-@noindent
-Then call the parser like this:
+@item Default Value: @code{"false"}
-@example
-@{
- int nastiness, randomness;
- @dots{} /* @r{Store proper data in @code{nastiness} and @code{randomness}.} */
- value = yyparse (&nastiness, &randomness);
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
+@item Caveats:
-@noindent
-In the grammar actions, use expressions like this to refer to the data:
+@itemize @bullet
-@example
-exp: @dots{} @{ @dots{}; *randomness += 1; @dots{} @}
-@end example
+@item Unreachable states may contain conflicts and may use rules not used in
+any other state.
+Thus, keeping unreachable states may induce warnings that are irrelevant to
+your parser's behavior, and it may eliminate warnings that are relevant.
+Of course, the change in warnings may actually be relevant to a parser table
+analysis that wants to keep unreachable states, so this behavior will likely
+remain in future Bison releases.
+
+@item While Bison is able to remove unreachable states, it is not guaranteed to
+remove other kinds of useless states.
+Specifically, when Bison disables reduce actions during conflict resolution,
+some goto actions may become useless, and thus some additional states may
+become useless.
+If Bison were to compute which goto actions were useless and then disable those
+actions, it could identify such states as unreachable and then remove those
+states.
+However, Bison does not compute which goto actions are useless.
+@end itemize
+@end itemize
+@c lr.keep-unreachable-states
+@item lr.type
+@findex %define lr.type
+@cindex @acronym{LALR}
+@cindex @acronym{IELR}
+@cindex @acronym{LR}
-@node Lexical
-@section The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex}
-@findex yylex
-@cindex lexical analyzer
+@itemize @bullet
+@item Language(s): all
-The @dfn{lexical analyzer} function, @code{yylex}, recognizes tokens from
-the input stream and returns them to the parser. Bison does not create
-this function automatically; you must write it so that @code{yyparse} can
-call it. The function is sometimes referred to as a lexical scanner.
+@item Purpose: Specifies the type of parser tables within the
+@acronym{LR}(1) family.
+(This feature is experimental.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
-In simple programs, @code{yylex} is often defined at the end of the Bison
-grammar file. If @code{yylex} is defined in a separate source file, you
-need to arrange for the token-type macro definitions to be available there.
-To do this, use the @samp{-d} option when you run Bison, so that it will
-write these macro definitions into a separate header file
-@file{@var{name}.tab.h} which you can include in the other source files
-that need it. @xref{Invocation, ,Invoking Bison}.
+@item Accepted Values:
+@itemize
+@item @code{"LALR"}.
+While Bison generates @acronym{LALR} parser tables by default for
+historical reasons, @acronym{IELR} or canonical @acronym{LR} is almost
+always preferable for deterministic parsers.
+The trouble is that @acronym{LALR} parser tables can suffer from
+mysterious conflicts and thus may not accept the full set of sentences
+that @acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR} accept.
+@xref{Mystery Conflicts}, for details.
+However, there are at least two scenarios where @acronym{LALR} may be
+worthwhile:
+@itemize
+@cindex @acronym{GLR} with @acronym{LALR}
+@item When employing @acronym{GLR} parsers (@pxref{GLR Parsers}), if you
+do not resolve any conflicts statically (for example, with @code{%left}
+or @code{%prec}), then the parser explores all potential parses of any
+given input.
+In this case, the use of @acronym{LALR} parser tables is guaranteed not
+to alter the language accepted by the parser.
+@acronym{LALR} parser tables are the smallest parser tables Bison can
+currently generate, so they may be preferable.
+
+@item Occasionally during development, an especially malformed grammar
+with a major recurring flaw may severely impede the @acronym{IELR} or
+canonical @acronym{LR} parser table generation algorithm.
+@acronym{LALR} can be a quick way to generate parser tables in order to
+investigate such problems while ignoring the more subtle differences
+from @acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR}.
+@end itemize
-@menu
-* Calling Convention:: How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.
-* Token Values:: How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
- of the token it has read.
-* Token Locations:: How @code{yylex} must return the text location
- (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
- actions want that.
-* Pure Calling:: How the calling convention differs
- in a pure parser (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
-@end menu
+@item @code{"IELR"}.
+@acronym{IELR} is a minimal @acronym{LR} algorithm.
+That is, given any grammar (@acronym{LR} or non-@acronym{LR}),
+@acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR} always accept exactly the same
+set of sentences.
+However, as for @acronym{LALR}, the number of parser states is often an
+order of magnitude less for @acronym{IELR} than for canonical
+@acronym{LR}.
+More importantly, because canonical @acronym{LR}'s extra parser states
+may contain duplicate conflicts in the case of non-@acronym{LR}
+grammars, the number of conflicts for @acronym{IELR} is often an order
+of magnitude less as well.
+This can significantly reduce the complexity of developing of a grammar.
+
+@item @code{"canonical LR"}.
+@cindex delayed syntax errors
+@cindex syntax errors delayed
+The only advantage of canonical @acronym{LR} over @acronym{IELR} is
+that, for every left context of every canonical @acronym{LR} state, the
+set of tokens accepted by that state is the exact set of tokens that is
+syntactically acceptable in that left context.
+Thus, the only difference in parsing behavior is that the canonical
+@acronym{LR} parser can report a syntax error as soon as possible
+without performing any unnecessary reductions.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.default-reductions}, for further details.
+Even when canonical @acronym{LR} behavior is ultimately desired,
+@acronym{IELR}'s elimination of duplicate conflicts should still
+facilitate the development of a grammar.
+@end itemize
-@node Calling Convention
-@subsection Calling Convention for @code{yylex}
+@item Default Value: @code{"LALR"}
+@end itemize
-The value that @code{yylex} returns must be the positive numeric code
-for the type of token it has just found; a zero or negative value
-signifies end-of-input.
+@item namespace
+@findex %define namespace
-When a token is referred to in the grammar rules by a name, that name
-in the parser file becomes a C macro whose definition is the proper
-numeric code for that token type. So @code{yylex} can use the name
-to indicate that type. @xref{Symbols}.
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s): C++
-When a token is referred to in the grammar rules by a character literal,
-the numeric code for that character is also the code for the token type.
-So @code{yylex} can simply return that character code, possibly converted
-to @code{unsigned char} to avoid sign-extension. The null character
-must not be used this way, because its code is zero and that
-signifies end-of-input.
+@item Purpose: Specifies the namespace for the parser class.
+For example, if you specify:
-Here is an example showing these things:
+@smallexample
+%define namespace "foo::bar"
+@end smallexample
-@example
-int
-yylex (void)
-@{
- @dots{}
- if (c == EOF) /* Detect end-of-input. */
- return 0;
- @dots{}
- if (c == '+' || c == '-')
- return c; /* Assume token type for `+' is '+'. */
- @dots{}
- return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
+Bison uses @code{foo::bar} verbatim in references such as:
-@noindent
-This interface has been designed so that the output from the @code{lex}
-utility can be used without change as the definition of @code{yylex}.
+@smallexample
+foo::bar::parser::semantic_type
+@end smallexample
-If the grammar uses literal string tokens, there are two ways that
-@code{yylex} can determine the token type codes for them:
+However, to open a namespace, Bison removes any leading @code{::} and then
+splits on any remaining occurrences:
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-If the grammar defines symbolic token names as aliases for the
-literal string tokens, @code{yylex} can use these symbolic names like
-all others. In this case, the use of the literal string tokens in
-the grammar file has no effect on @code{yylex}.
+@smallexample
+namespace foo @{ namespace bar @{
+ class position;
+ class location;
+@} @}
+@end smallexample
-@item
-@code{yylex} can find the multicharacter token in the @code{yytname}
-table. The index of the token in the table is the token type's code.
-The name of a multicharacter token is recorded in @code{yytname} with a
-double-quote, the token's characters, and another double-quote. The
-token's characters are escaped as necessary to be suitable as input
-to Bison.
+@item Accepted Values: Any absolute or relative C++ namespace reference without
+a trailing @code{"::"}.
+For example, @code{"foo"} or @code{"::foo::bar"}.
-Here's code for looking up a multicharacter token in @code{yytname},
-assuming that the characters of the token are stored in
-@code{token_buffer}, and assuming that the token does not contain any
-characters like @samp{"} that require escaping.
+@item Default Value: The value specified by @code{%name-prefix}, which defaults
+to @code{yy}.
+This usage of @code{%name-prefix} is for backward compatibility and can be
+confusing since @code{%name-prefix} also specifies the textual prefix for the
+lexical analyzer function.
+Thus, if you specify @code{%name-prefix}, it is best to also specify
+@code{%define namespace} so that @code{%name-prefix} @emph{only} affects the
+lexical analyzer function.
+For example, if you specify:
@smallexample
-for (i = 0; i < YYNTOKENS; i++)
- @{
- if (yytname[i] != 0
- && yytname[i][0] == '"'
- && ! strncmp (yytname[i] + 1, token_buffer,
- strlen (token_buffer))
- && yytname[i][strlen (token_buffer) + 1] == '"'
- && yytname[i][strlen (token_buffer) + 2] == 0)
- break;
- @}
+%define namespace "foo"
+%name-prefix "bar::"
@end smallexample
-The @code{yytname} table is generated only if you use the
-@code{%token-table} declaration. @xref{Decl Summary}.
+The parser namespace is @code{foo} and @code{yylex} is referenced as
+@code{bar::lex}.
@end itemize
+@c namespace
-@node Token Values
-@subsection Semantic Values of Tokens
+@item parse.assert
+@findex %define parse.assert
-@vindex yylval
-In an ordinary (nonreentrant) parser, the semantic value of the token must
-be stored into the global variable @code{yylval}. When you are using
-just one data type for semantic values, @code{yylval} has that type.
-Thus, if the type is @code{int} (the default), you might write this in
-@code{yylex}:
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s): C++
-@example
-@group
- @dots{}
- yylval = value; /* Put value onto Bison stack. */
- return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
- @dots{}
-@end group
-@end example
+@item Purpose: Issue runtime assertions to catch invalid uses.
+In C++, when variants are used, symbols must be constructed and
+destroyed properly. This option checks these constraints.
-When you are using multiple data types, @code{yylval}'s type is a union
-made from the @code{%union} declaration (@pxref{Union Decl, ,The
-Collection of Value Types}). So when you store a token's value, you
-must use the proper member of the union. If the @code{%union}
-declaration looks like this:
+@item Accepted Values: Boolean
-@example
-@group
-%union @{
- int intval;
- double val;
- symrec *tptr;
-@}
-@end group
-@end example
+@item Default Value: @code{false}
+@end itemize
+@c parse.assert
-@noindent
-then the code in @code{yylex} might look like this:
+@item parse.trace
+@findex %define parse.trace
-@example
-@group
- @dots{}
- yylval.intval = value; /* Put value onto Bison stack. */
- return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
- @dots{}
-@end group
-@end example
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s): C, C++
+
+@item Purpose: Require parser instrumentation for tracing.
+In C/C++, define the macro @code{YYDEBUG} to 1 in the parser file if it
+is not already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
+@xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
+
+@item Accepted Values: Boolean
+
+@item Default Value: @code{false}
+@end itemize
+@c parse.trace
+
+@item token.prefix
+@findex %define token.prefix
+
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s): all
+
+@item Purpose:
+Add a prefix to the token names when generating their definition in the
+target language. For instance
+
+@example
+%token FILE for ERROR
+%define token.prefix "TOK_"
+%%
+start: FILE for ERROR;
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+generates the definition of the symbols @code{TOK_FILE}, @code{TOK_for},
+and @code{TOK_ERROR} in the generated source files. In particular, the
+scanner must use these prefixed token names, while the grammar itself
+may still use the short names (as in the sample rule given above). The
+generated informational files (@file{*.output}, @file{*.xml},
+@file{*.dot}) are not modified by this prefix. See @ref{Calc++ Parser}
+and @ref{Calc++ Scanner}, for a complete example.
+
+@item Accepted Values:
+Any string. Should be a valid identifier prefix in the target language,
+in other words, it should typically be an identifier itself (sequence of
+letters, underscores, and ---not at the beginning--- digits).
+
+@item Default Value:
+empty
+@end itemize
+@c token.prefix
+
+@end table
+@end deffn
+@c ---------------------------------------------------------- %define
+
+@deffn {Directive} %defines
+Write a header file containing macro definitions for the token type
+names defined in the grammar as well as a few other declarations.
+If the parser output file is named @file{@var{name}.c} then this file
+is named @file{@var{name}.h}.
+
+For C parsers, the output header declares @code{YYSTYPE} unless
+@code{YYSTYPE} is already defined as a macro or you have used a
+@code{<@var{type}>} tag without using @code{%union}.
+Therefore, if you are using a @code{%union}
+(@pxref{Multiple Types, ,More Than One Value Type}) with components that
+require other definitions, or if you have defined a @code{YYSTYPE} macro
+or type definition
+(@pxref{Value Type, ,Data Types of Semantic Values}), you need to
+arrange for these definitions to be propagated to all modules, e.g., by
+putting them in a prerequisite header that is included both by your
+parser and by any other module that needs @code{YYSTYPE}.
+
+Unless your parser is pure, the output header declares @code{yylval}
+as an external variable. @xref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant)
+Parser}.
+
+If you have also used locations, the output header declares
+@code{YYLTYPE} and @code{yylloc} using a protocol similar to that of
+the @code{YYSTYPE} macro and @code{yylval}. @xref{Locations, ,Tracking
+Locations}.
+
+This output file is normally essential if you wish to put the definition
+of @code{yylex} in a separate source file, because @code{yylex}
+typically needs to be able to refer to the above-mentioned declarations
+and to the token type codes. @xref{Token Values, ,Semantic Values of
+Tokens}.
+
+@findex %code requires
+@findex %code provides
+If you have declared @code{%code requires} or @code{%code provides}, the output
+header also contains their code.
+@xref{Decl Summary, ,%code}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %defines @var{defines-file}
+Same as above, but save in the file @var{defines-file}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %destructor
+Specify how the parser should reclaim the memory associated to
+discarded symbols. @xref{Destructor Decl, , Freeing Discarded Symbols}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %file-prefix "@var{prefix}"
+Specify a prefix to use for all Bison output file names. The names are
+chosen as if the input file were named @file{@var{prefix}.y}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %language "@var{language}"
+Specify the programming language for the generated parser. Currently
+supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
+@var{language} is case-insensitive.
+
+This directive is experimental and its effect may be modified in future
+releases.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %locations
+Generate the code processing the locations (@pxref{Action Features,
+,Special Features for Use in Actions}). This mode is enabled as soon as
+the grammar uses the special @samp{@@@var{n}} tokens, but if your
+grammar does not use it, using @samp{%locations} allows for more
+accurate syntax error messages.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %name-prefix "@var{prefix}"
+Rename the external symbols used in the parser so that they start with
+@var{prefix} instead of @samp{yy}. The precise list of symbols renamed
+in C parsers
+is @code{yyparse}, @code{yylex}, @code{yyerror}, @code{yynerrs},
+@code{yylval}, @code{yychar}, @code{yydebug}, and
+(if locations are used) @code{yylloc}. If you use a push parser,
+@code{yypush_parse}, @code{yypull_parse}, @code{yypstate},
+@code{yypstate_new} and @code{yypstate_delete} will
+also be renamed. For example, if you use @samp{%name-prefix "c_"}, the
+names become @code{c_parse}, @code{c_lex}, and so on.
+For C++ parsers, see the @code{%define namespace} documentation in this
+section.
+@xref{Multiple Parsers, ,Multiple Parsers in the Same Program}.
+@end deffn
+
+@ifset defaultprec
+@deffn {Directive} %no-default-prec
+Do not assign a precedence to rules lacking an explicit @code{%prec}
+modifier (@pxref{Contextual Precedence, ,Context-Dependent
+Precedence}).
+@end deffn
+@end ifset
+
+@deffn {Directive} %no-lines
+Don't generate any @code{#line} preprocessor commands in the parser
+file. Ordinarily Bison writes these commands in the parser file so that
+the C compiler and debuggers will associate errors and object code with
+your source file (the grammar file). This directive causes them to
+associate errors with the parser file, treating it an independent source
+file in its own right.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %output "@var{file}"
+Specify @var{file} for the parser file.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %pure-parser
+Deprecated version of @code{%define api.pure} (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%define}),
+for which Bison is more careful to warn about unreasonable usage.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %require "@var{version}"
+Require version @var{version} or higher of Bison. @xref{Require Decl, ,
+Require a Version of Bison}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %skeleton "@var{file}"
+Specify the skeleton to use.
+
+@c You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
+@c You should use @code{%language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
+@c different language, because it is clearer and because it will always choose the
+@c correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.
+
+If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
+file in the Bison installation directory.
+If it does, @var{file} is an absolute file name or a file name relative to the
+directory of the grammar file.
+This is similar to how most shells resolve commands.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %token-table
+Generate an array of token names in the parser file. The name of the
+array is @code{yytname}; @code{yytname[@var{i}]} is the name of the
+token whose internal Bison token code number is @var{i}. The first
+three elements of @code{yytname} correspond to the predefined tokens
+@code{"$end"},
+@code{"error"}, and @code{"$undefined"}; after these come the symbols
+defined in the grammar file.
+
+The name in the table includes all the characters needed to represent
+the token in Bison. For single-character literals and literal
+strings, this includes the surrounding quoting characters and any
+escape sequences. For example, the Bison single-character literal
+@code{'+'} corresponds to a three-character name, represented in C as
+@code{"'+'"}; and the Bison two-character literal string @code{"\\/"}
+corresponds to a five-character name, represented in C as
+@code{"\"\\\\/\""}.
+
+When you specify @code{%token-table}, Bison also generates macro
+definitions for macros @code{YYNTOKENS}, @code{YYNNTS}, and
+@code{YYNRULES}, and @code{YYNSTATES}:
+
+@table @code
+@item YYNTOKENS
+The highest token number, plus one.
+@item YYNNTS
+The number of nonterminal symbols.
+@item YYNRULES
+The number of grammar rules,
+@item YYNSTATES
+The number of parser states (@pxref{Parser States}).
+@end table
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %verbose
+Write an extra output file containing verbose descriptions of the
+parser states and what is done for each type of lookahead token in
+that state. @xref{Understanding, , Understanding Your Parser}, for more
+information.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %yacc
+Pretend the option @option{--yacc} was given, i.e., imitate Yacc,
+including its naming conventions. @xref{Bison Options}, for more.
+@end deffn
+
+
+@node Multiple Parsers
+@section Multiple Parsers in the Same Program
+
+Most programs that use Bison parse only one language and therefore contain
+only one Bison parser. But what if you want to parse more than one
+language with the same program? Then you need to avoid a name conflict
+between different definitions of @code{yyparse}, @code{yylval}, and so on.
+
+The easy way to do this is to use the option @samp{-p @var{prefix}}
+(@pxref{Invocation, ,Invoking Bison}). This renames the interface
+functions and variables of the Bison parser to start with @var{prefix}
+instead of @samp{yy}. You can use this to give each parser distinct
+names that do not conflict.
+
+The precise list of symbols renamed is @code{yyparse}, @code{yylex},
+@code{yyerror}, @code{yynerrs}, @code{yylval}, @code{yylloc},
+@code{yychar} and @code{yydebug}. If you use a push parser,
+@code{yypush_parse}, @code{yypull_parse}, @code{yypstate},
+@code{yypstate_new} and @code{yypstate_delete} will also be renamed.
+For example, if you use @samp{-p c}, the names become @code{cparse},
+@code{clex}, and so on.
+
+@strong{All the other variables and macros associated with Bison are not
+renamed.} These others are not global; there is no conflict if the same
+name is used in different parsers. For example, @code{YYSTYPE} is not
+renamed, but defining this in different ways in different parsers causes
+no trouble (@pxref{Value Type, ,Data Types of Semantic Values}).
+
+The @samp{-p} option works by adding macro definitions to the beginning
+of the parser source file, defining @code{yyparse} as
+@code{@var{prefix}parse}, and so on. This effectively substitutes one
+name for the other in the entire parser file.
+
+@node Interface
+@chapter Parser C-Language Interface
+@cindex C-language interface
+@cindex interface
+
+The Bison parser is actually a C function named @code{yyparse}. Here we
+describe the interface conventions of @code{yyparse} and the other
+functions that it needs to use.
+
+Keep in mind that the parser uses many C identifiers starting with
+@samp{yy} and @samp{YY} for internal purposes. If you use such an
+identifier (aside from those in this manual) in an action or in epilogue
+in the grammar file, you are likely to run into trouble.
+
+@menu
+* Parser Function:: How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
+* Push Parser Function:: How to call @code{yypush_parse} and what it returns.
+* Pull Parser Function:: How to call @code{yypull_parse} and what it returns.
+* Parser Create Function:: How to call @code{yypstate_new} and what it returns.
+* Parser Delete Function:: How to call @code{yypstate_delete} and what it returns.
+* Lexical:: You must supply a function @code{yylex}
+ which reads tokens.
+* Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
+* Action Features:: Special features for use in actions.
+* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's
+ native language.
+@end menu
+
+@node Parser Function
+@section The Parser Function @code{yyparse}
+@findex yyparse
+
+You call the function @code{yyparse} to cause parsing to occur. This
+function reads tokens, executes actions, and ultimately returns when it
+encounters end-of-input or an unrecoverable syntax error. You can also
+write an action which directs @code{yyparse} to return immediately
+without reading further.
+
+
+@deftypefun int yyparse (void)
+The value returned by @code{yyparse} is 0 if parsing was successful (return
+is due to end-of-input).
+
+The value is 1 if parsing failed because of invalid input, i.e., input
+that contains a syntax error or that causes @code{YYABORT} to be
+invoked.
+
+The value is 2 if parsing failed due to memory exhaustion.
+@end deftypefun
+
+In an action, you can cause immediate return from @code{yyparse} by using
+these macros:
+
+@defmac YYACCEPT
+@findex YYACCEPT
+Return immediately with value 0 (to report success).
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac YYABORT
+@findex YYABORT
+Return immediately with value 1 (to report failure).
+@end defmac
+
+If you use a reentrant parser, you can optionally pass additional
+parameter information to it in a reentrant way. To do so, use the
+declaration @code{%parse-param}:
+
+@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
+@findex %parse-param
+Declare that an argument declared by the braced-code
+@var{argument-declaration} is an additional @code{yyparse} argument.
+The @var{argument-declaration} is used when declaring
+functions or prototypes. The last identifier in
+@var{argument-declaration} must be the argument name.
+@end deffn
+
+Here's an example. Write this in the parser:
+
+@example
+%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
+%parse-param @{int *randomness@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Then call the parser like this:
+
+@example
+@{
+ int nastiness, randomness;
+ @dots{} /* @r{Store proper data in @code{nastiness} and @code{randomness}.} */
+ value = yyparse (&nastiness, &randomness);
+ @dots{}
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In the grammar actions, use expressions like this to refer to the data:
+
+@example
+exp: @dots{} @{ @dots{}; *randomness += 1; @dots{} @}
+@end example
+
+@node Push Parser Function
+@section The Push Parser Function @code{yypush_parse}
+@findex yypush_parse
+
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+You call the function @code{yypush_parse} to parse a single token. This
+function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+@xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
+
+@deftypefun int yypush_parse (yypstate *yyps)
+The value returned by @code{yypush_parse} is the same as for yyparse with the
+following exception. @code{yypush_parse} will return YYPUSH_MORE if more input
+is required to finish parsing the grammar.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Pull Parser Function
+@section The Pull Parser Function @code{yypull_parse}
+@findex yypull_parse
+
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+You call the function @code{yypull_parse} to parse the rest of the input
+stream. This function is available if the @code{%define api.push-pull "both"}
+declaration is used.
+@xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
+
+@deftypefun int yypull_parse (yypstate *yyps)
+The value returned by @code{yypull_parse} is the same as for @code{yyparse}.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Parser Create Function
+@section The Parser Create Function @code{yystate_new}
+@findex yypstate_new
+
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+You call the function @code{yypstate_new} to create a new parser instance.
+This function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+@xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
+
+@deftypefun yypstate *yypstate_new (void)
+The fuction will return a valid parser instance if there was memory available
+or 0 if no memory was available.
+In impure mode, it will also return 0 if a parser instance is currently
+allocated.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Parser Delete Function
+@section The Parser Delete Function @code{yystate_delete}
+@findex yypstate_delete
+
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+You call the function @code{yypstate_delete} to delete a parser instance.
+function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+@xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
+
+@deftypefun void yypstate_delete (yypstate *yyps)
+This function will reclaim the memory associated with a parser instance.
+After this call, you should no longer attempt to use the parser instance.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Lexical
+@section The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex}
+@findex yylex
+@cindex lexical analyzer
+
+The @dfn{lexical analyzer} function, @code{yylex}, recognizes tokens from
+the input stream and returns them to the parser. Bison does not create
+this function automatically; you must write it so that @code{yyparse} can
+call it. The function is sometimes referred to as a lexical scanner.
+
+In simple programs, @code{yylex} is often defined at the end of the Bison
+grammar file. If @code{yylex} is defined in a separate source file, you
+need to arrange for the token-type macro definitions to be available there.
+To do this, use the @samp{-d} option when you run Bison, so that it will
+write these macro definitions into a separate header file
+@file{@var{name}.tab.h} which you can include in the other source files
+that need it. @xref{Invocation, ,Invoking Bison}.
+
+@menu
+* Calling Convention:: How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.
+* Token Values:: How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
+ of the token it has read.
+* Token Locations:: How @code{yylex} must return the text location
+ (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
+ actions want that.
+* Pure Calling:: How the calling convention differs in a pure parser
+ (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
+@end menu
+
+@node Calling Convention
+@subsection Calling Convention for @code{yylex}
+
+The value that @code{yylex} returns must be the positive numeric code
+for the type of token it has just found; a zero or negative value
+signifies end-of-input.
+
+When a token is referred to in the grammar rules by a name, that name
+in the parser file becomes a C macro whose definition is the proper
+numeric code for that token type. So @code{yylex} can use the name
+to indicate that type. @xref{Symbols}.
+
+When a token is referred to in the grammar rules by a character literal,
+the numeric code for that character is also the code for the token type.
+So @code{yylex} can simply return that character code, possibly converted
+to @code{unsigned char} to avoid sign-extension. The null character
+must not be used this way, because its code is zero and that
+signifies end-of-input.
+
+Here is an example showing these things:
+
+@example
+int
+yylex (void)
+@{
+ @dots{}
+ if (c == EOF) /* Detect end-of-input. */
+ return 0;
+ @dots{}
+ if (c == '+' || c == '-')
+ return c; /* Assume token type for `+' is '+'. */
+ @dots{}
+ return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
+ @dots{}
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This interface has been designed so that the output from the @code{lex}
+utility can be used without change as the definition of @code{yylex}.
+
+If the grammar uses literal string tokens, there are two ways that
+@code{yylex} can determine the token type codes for them:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+If the grammar defines symbolic token names as aliases for the
+literal string tokens, @code{yylex} can use these symbolic names like
+all others. In this case, the use of the literal string tokens in
+the grammar file has no effect on @code{yylex}.
+
+@item
+@code{yylex} can find the multicharacter token in the @code{yytname}
+table. The index of the token in the table is the token type's code.
+The name of a multicharacter token is recorded in @code{yytname} with a
+double-quote, the token's characters, and another double-quote. The
+token's characters are escaped as necessary to be suitable as input
+to Bison.
+
+Here's code for looking up a multicharacter token in @code{yytname},
+assuming that the characters of the token are stored in
+@code{token_buffer}, and assuming that the token does not contain any
+characters like @samp{"} that require escaping.
+
+@smallexample
+for (i = 0; i < YYNTOKENS; i++)
+ @{
+ if (yytname[i] != 0
+ && yytname[i][0] == '"'
+ && ! strncmp (yytname[i] + 1, token_buffer,
+ strlen (token_buffer))
+ && yytname[i][strlen (token_buffer) + 1] == '"'
+ && yytname[i][strlen (token_buffer) + 2] == 0)
+ break;
+ @}
+@end smallexample
+
+The @code{yytname} table is generated only if you use the
+@code{%token-table} declaration. @xref{Decl Summary}.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Token Values
+@subsection Semantic Values of Tokens
+
+@vindex yylval
+In an ordinary (nonreentrant) parser, the semantic value of the token must
+be stored into the global variable @code{yylval}. When you are using
+just one data type for semantic values, @code{yylval} has that type.
+Thus, if the type is @code{int} (the default), you might write this in
+@code{yylex}:
+
+@example
+@group
+ @dots{}
+ yylval = value; /* Put value onto Bison stack. */
+ return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
+ @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+When you are using multiple data types, @code{yylval}'s type is a union
+made from the @code{%union} declaration (@pxref{Union Decl, ,The
+Collection of Value Types}). So when you store a token's value, you
+must use the proper member of the union. If the @code{%union}
+declaration looks like this:
+
+@example
+@group
+%union @{
+ int intval;
+ double val;
+ symrec *tptr;
+@}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+then the code in @code{yylex} might look like this:
+
+@example
+@group
+ @dots{}
+ yylval.intval = value; /* Put value onto Bison stack. */
+ return INT; /* Return the type of the token. */
+ @dots{}
+@end group
+@end example
@node Token Locations
@subsection Textual Locations of Tokens
@node Pure Calling
@subsection Calling Conventions for Pure Parsers
-When you use the Bison declaration @code{%pure-parser} to request a
+When you use the Bison declaration @code{%define api.pure} to request a
pure, reentrant parser, the global communication variables @code{yylval}
and @code{yylloc} cannot be used. (@xref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant)
Parser}.) In such parsers the two global variables are replaced by
int yyparse (int *nastiness, int *randomness);
@end example
-If @code{%pure-parser} is added:
+If @code{%define api.pure} is added:
@example
int yylex (YYSTYPE *lvalp, int *nastiness);
@end example
@noindent
-and finally, if both @code{%pure-parser} and @code{%locations} are used:
+and finally, if both @code{%define api.pure} and @code{%locations} are used:
@example
int yylex (YYSTYPE *lvalp, YYLTYPE *llocp, int *nastiness);
receives one argument. For a syntax error, the string is normally
@w{@code{"syntax error"}}.
-@findex %error-verbose
-If you invoke the directive @code{%error-verbose} in the Bison
+@findex %define error-verbose
+If you invoke the directive @code{%define error-verbose} in the Bison
declarations section (@pxref{Bison Declarations, ,The Bison Declarations
Section}), then Bison provides a more verbose and specific error message
string instead of just plain @w{@code{"syntax error"}}.
an access to the current location.
This is indeed the case for the @acronym{GLR}
parsers, but not for the Yacc parser, for historical reasons. I.e., if
-@samp{%locations %pure-parser} is passed then the prototypes for
+@samp{%locations %define api.pure} is passed then the prototypes for
@code{yyerror} are:
@example
Finally, @acronym{GLR} and Yacc parsers share the same @code{yyerror} calling
convention for absolutely pure parsers, i.e., when the calling
convention of @code{yylex} @emph{and} the calling convention of
-@code{%pure-parser} are pure. I.e.:
+@code{%define api.pure} are pure.
+I.e.:
@example
/* Location tracking. */
%locations
/* Pure yylex. */
-%pure-parser
+%define api.pure
%lex-param @{int *nastiness@}
/* Pure yyparse. */
%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
* Contextual Precedence:: When an operator's precedence depends on context.
* Parser States:: The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
* Reduce/Reduce:: When two rules are applicable in the same situation.
-* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
+* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
* Generalized LR Parsing:: Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
* Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted. How to avoid it.
@end menu
@menu
* Why Precedence:: An example showing why precedence is needed.
-* Using Precedence:: How to specify precedence in Bison grammars.
+* Using Precedence:: How to specify precedence and associativity.
+* Precedence Only:: How to specify precedence only.
* Precedence Examples:: How these features are used in the previous example.
* How Precedence:: How they work.
@end menu
@node Using Precedence
@subsection Specifying Operator Precedence
@findex %left
-@findex %right
@findex %nonassoc
+@findex %precedence
+@findex %right
Bison allows you to specify these choices with the operator precedence
declarations @code{%left} and @code{%right}. Each such declaration
them right-associative. A third alternative is @code{%nonassoc}, which
declares that it is a syntax error to find the same operator twice ``in a
row''.
+The last alternative, @code{%precedence}, allows to define only
+precedence and no associativity at all. As a result, any
+associativity-related conflict that remains will be reported as an
+compile-time error. The directive @code{%nonassoc} creates run-time
+error: using the operator in a associative way is a syntax error. The
+directive @code{%precedence} creates compile-time errors: an operator
+@emph{can} be involved in an associativity-related conflict, contrary to
+what expected the grammar author.
The relative precedence of different operators is controlled by the
-order in which they are declared. The first @code{%left} or
-@code{%right} declaration in the file declares the operators whose
+order in which they are declared. The first precedence/associativity
+declaration in the file declares the operators whose
precedence is lowest, the next such declaration declares the operators
whose precedence is a little higher, and so on.
+@node Precedence Only
+@subsection Specifying Precedence Only
+@findex %precedence
+
+Since @acronym{POSIX} Yacc defines only @code{%left}, @code{%right}, and
+@code{%nonassoc}, which all defines precedence and associativity, little
+attention is paid to the fact that precedence cannot be defined without
+defining associativity. Yet, sometimes, when trying to solve a
+conflict, precedence suffices. In such a case, using @code{%left},
+@code{%right}, or @code{%nonassoc} might hide future (associativity
+related) conflicts that would remain hidden.
+
+The dangling @code{else} ambiguity (@pxref{Shift/Reduce, , Shift/Reduce
+Conflicts}) can be solved explictly. This shift/reduce conflicts occurs
+in the following situation, where the period denotes the current parsing
+state:
+
+@example
+if @var{e1} then if @var{e2} then @var{s1} . else @var{s2}
+@end example
+
+The conflict involves the reduction of the rule @samp{IF expr THEN
+stmt}, which precedence is by default that of its last token
+(@code{THEN}), and the shifting of the token @code{ELSE}. The usual
+disambiguation (attach the @code{else} to the closest @code{if}),
+shifting must be preferred, i.e., the precedence of @code{ELSE} must be
+higher than that of @code{THEN}. But neither is expected to be involved
+in an associativity related conflict, which can be specified as follows.
+
+@example
+%precedence THEN
+%precedence ELSE
+@end example
+
+The unary-minus is another typical example where associativity is
+usually over-specified, see @ref{Infix Calc, , Infix Notation
+Calculator: @code{calc}}. The @code{%left} directive is traditionaly
+used to declare the precedence of @code{NEG}, which is more than needed
+since it also defines its associativity. While this is harmless in the
+traditional example, who knows how @code{NEG} might be used in future
+evolutions of the grammar@dots{}
+
@node Precedence Examples
@subsection Precedence Examples
sign typically has a very high precedence as a unary operator, and a
somewhat lower precedence (lower than multiplication) as a binary operator.
-The Bison precedence declarations, @code{%left}, @code{%right} and
-@code{%nonassoc}, can only be used once for a given token; so a token has
+The Bison precedence declarations
+can only be used once for a given token; so a token has
only one precedence declared in this way. For context-dependent
precedence, you need to use an additional mechanism: the @code{%prec}
modifier for rules.
@cindex @acronym{LR}(1)
@cindex @acronym{LALR}(1)
-However, Bison, like most parser generators, cannot actually handle all
-@acronym{LR}(1) grammars. In this grammar, two contexts, that after
-an @code{ID}
-at the beginning of a @code{param_spec} and likewise at the beginning of
-a @code{return_spec}, are similar enough that Bison assumes they are the
-same. They appear similar because the same set of rules would be
+However, for historical reasons, Bison cannot by default handle all
+@acronym{LR}(1) grammars.
+In this grammar, two contexts, that after an @code{ID} at the beginning
+of a @code{param_spec} and likewise at the beginning of a
+@code{return_spec}, are similar enough that Bison assumes they are the
+same.
+They appear similar because the same set of rules would be
active---the rule for reducing to a @code{name} and that for reducing to
a @code{type}. Bison is unable to determine at that stage of processing
that the rules would require different lookahead tokens in the two
the two contexts causes a conflict later. In parser terminology, this
occurrence means that the grammar is not @acronym{LALR}(1).
-In general, it is better to fix deficiencies than to document them. But
-this particular deficiency is intrinsically hard to fix; parser
-generators that can handle @acronym{LR}(1) grammars are hard to write
-and tend to
-produce parsers that are very large. In practice, Bison is more useful
-as it is now.
-
-When the problem arises, you can often fix it by identifying the two
-parser states that are being confused, and adding something to make them
-look distinct. In the above example, adding one rule to
+For many practical grammars (specifically those that fall into the
+non-@acronym{LR}(1) class), the limitations of @acronym{LALR}(1) result in
+difficulties beyond just mysterious reduce/reduce conflicts.
+The best way to fix all these problems is to select a different parser
+table generation algorithm.
+Either @acronym{IELR}(1) or canonical @acronym{LR}(1) would suffice, but
+the former is more efficient and easier to debug during development.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.type}, for details.
+(Bison's @acronym{IELR}(1) and canonical @acronym{LR}(1) implementations
+are experimental.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize them.)
+
+If you instead wish to work around @acronym{LALR}(1)'s limitations, you
+can often fix a mysterious conflict by identifying the two parser states
+that are being confused, and adding something to make them look
+distinct. In the above example, adding one rule to
@code{return_spec} as follows makes the problem go away:
@example
lookahead, since the parser lacks the information necessary to make a
decision at the point it must be made in a shift-reduce parser.
Finally, as previously mentioned (@pxref{Mystery Conflicts}),
-there are languages where Bison's particular choice of how to
+there are languages where Bison's default choice of how to
summarize the input seen so far loses necessary information.
When you use the @samp{%glr-parser} declaration in your grammar file,
stream.
Whenever the parser makes a transition from having multiple
-states to having one, it reverts to the normal @acronym{LALR}(1) parsing
+states to having one, it reverts to the normal deterministic parsing
algorithm, after resolving and executing the saved-up actions.
At this transition, some of the states on the stack will have semantic
values that are sets (actually multisets) of possible actions. The
the result. Otherwise, it reports an ambiguity.
It is possible to use a data structure for the @acronym{GLR} parsing tree that
-permits the processing of any @acronym{LALR}(1) grammar in linear time (in the
+permits the processing of any @acronym{LR}(1) grammar in linear time (in the
size of the input), any unambiguous (not necessarily
-@acronym{LALR}(1)) grammar in
+@acronym{LR}(1)) grammar in
quadratic worst-case time, and any general (possibly ambiguous)
context-free grammar in cubic worst-case time. However, Bison currently
uses a simpler data structure that requires time proportional to the
behaving examples, however, are not generally of practical interest.
Usually, nondeterminism in a grammar is local---the parser is ``in
doubt'' only for a few tokens at a time. Therefore, the current data
-structure should generally be adequate. On @acronym{LALR}(1) portions of a
-grammar, in particular, it is only slightly slower than with the default
-Bison parser.
+structure should generally be adequate. On @acronym{LR}(1) portions of a
+grammar, in particular, it is only slightly slower than with the
+deterministic @acronym{LR}(1) Bison parser.
For a more detailed exposition of @acronym{GLR} parsers, please see: Elizabeth
Scott, Adrian Johnstone and Shamsa Sadaf Hussain, Tomita-Style
@vindex YYINITDEPTH
You can control how much stack is allocated initially by defining the
-macro @code{YYINITDEPTH} to a positive integer. For the C
-@acronym{LALR}(1) parser, this value must be a compile-time constant
+macro @code{YYINITDEPTH} to a positive integer. For the deterministic
+parser in C, this value must be a compile-time constant
unless you are assuming C99 or some other target language or compiler
that allows variable-length arrays. The default is 200.
Do not allow @code{YYINITDEPTH} to be greater than @code{YYMAXDEPTH}.
@c FIXME: C++ output.
-Because of semantical differences between C and C++, the
-@acronym{LALR}(1) parsers in C produced by Bison cannot grow when compiled
+Because of semantical differences between C and C++, the deterministic
+parsers in C produced by Bison cannot grow when compiled
by C++ compilers. In this precise case (compiling a C parser as C++) you are
suggested to grow @code{YYINITDEPTH}. The Bison maintainers hope to fix
this deficiency in a future release.
@command{bison} reports:
@example
-calc.y: warning: 1 useless nonterminal and 1 useless rule
-calc.y:11.1-7: warning: useless nonterminal: useless
-calc.y:11.10-12: warning: useless rule: useless: STR
+calc.y: warning: 1 nonterminal useless in grammar
+calc.y: warning: 1 rule useless in grammar
+calc.y:11.1-7: warning: nonterminal useless in grammar: useless
+calc.y:11.10-12: warning: rule useless in grammar: useless: STR
calc.y: conflicts: 7 shift/reduce
@end example
The next section reports useless tokens, nonterminal and rules. Useless
nonterminals and rules are removed in order to produce a smaller parser,
but useless tokens are preserved, since they might be used by the
-scanner (note the difference between ``useless'' and ``not used''
+scanner (note the difference between ``useless'' and ``unused''
below):
@example
-Useless nonterminals:
+Nonterminals useless in grammar:
useless
-Terminals which are not used:
+Terminals unused in grammar:
STR
-Useless rules:
+Rules useless in grammar:
#6 useless: STR;
@end example
'+' . exp}. Since there is no default action, any other token than
those listed above will trigger a syntax error.
+@cindex accepting state
The state 3 is named the @dfn{final state}, or the @dfn{accepting
state}:
NUM)}, which corresponds to shifting @samp{/}, or as @samp{(NUM + NUM) /
NUM}, which corresponds to reducing rule 1.
-Because in @acronym{LALR}(1) parsing a single decision can be made, Bison
+Because in deterministic parsing a single decision can be made, Bison
arbitrarily chose to disable the reduction, see @ref{Shift/Reduce, ,
Shift/Reduce Conflicts}. Discarded actions are reported in between
square brackets.
@example
state 8
- exp -> exp . '+' exp [$, '+', '-', '/'] (rule 1)
+ exp -> exp . '+' exp (rule 1)
exp -> exp '+' exp . [$, '+', '-', '/'] (rule 1)
exp -> exp . '-' exp (rule 2)
exp -> exp . '*' exp (rule 3)
@item the directive @samp{%debug}
@findex %debug
-Add the @code{%debug} directive (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,Bison
-Declaration Summary}). This is a Bison extension, which will prove
-useful when Bison will output parsers for languages that don't use a
-preprocessor. Unless @acronym{POSIX} and Yacc portability matter to
-you, this is
-the preferred solution.
+Add the @code{%debug} directive (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,Bison Declaration
+Summary}). This Bison extension is maintained for backward
+compatibility with previous versions of Bison.
+
+@item the variable @samp{parse.trace}
+@findex %define parse.trace
+Add the @samp{%define parse.trace} directive (@pxref{Decl Summary,
+,Bison Declaration Summary}), or pass the @option{-Dparse.trace} option
+(@pxref{Bison Options}). This is a Bison extension, which is especially
+useful for languages that don't use a preprocessor. Unless
+@acronym{POSIX} and Yacc portability matter to you, this is the
+preferred solution.
@end table
-We suggest that you always enable the debug option so that debugging is
+We suggest that you always enable the trace option so that debugging is
always possible.
The trace facility outputs messages with macro calls of the form
@code{YYFPRINTF (stderr, @var{format}, @var{args})} where
-@var{format} and @var{args} are the usual @code{printf} format and
+@var{format} and @var{args} are the usual @code{printf} format and variadic
arguments. If you define @code{YYDEBUG} to a nonzero value but do not
define @code{YYFPRINTF}, @code{<stdio.h>} is automatically included
and @code{YYFPRINTF} is defined to @code{fprintf}.
value (from @code{yylval}).
Here is an example of @code{YYPRINT} suitable for the multi-function
-calculator (@pxref{Mfcalc Decl, ,Declarations for @code{mfcalc}}):
+calculator (@pxref{Mfcalc Declarations, ,Declarations for @code{mfcalc}}):
@smallexample
%@{
@item --print-localedir
Print the name of the directory containing locale-dependent data.
+@item --print-datadir
+Print the name of the directory containing skeletons and XSLT.
+
@item -y
@itemx --yacc
Act more like the traditional Yacc command. This can cause
file name conventions, so that the parser output file is called
@file{y.tab.c}, and the other outputs are called @file{y.output} and
@file{y.tab.h}.
-Also, if generating an @acronym{LALR}(1) parser in C, generate @code{#define}
+Also, if generating a deterministic parser in C, generate @code{#define}
statements in addition to an @code{enum} to associate token numbers with token
names.
Thus, the following shell script can substitute for Yacc, and the Bison
like @samp{%glr-parser}, Bison might not be Yacc-compatible even if
this option is specified.
+@item -W [@var{category}]
+@itemx --warnings[=@var{category}]
+Output warnings falling in @var{category}. @var{category} can be one
+of:
+@table @code
+@item midrule-values
+Warn about mid-rule values that are set but not used within any of the actions
+of the parent rule.
+For example, warn about unused @code{$2} in:
+
+@example
+exp: '1' @{ $$ = 1; @} '+' exp @{ $$ = $1 + $4; @};
+@end example
+
+Also warn about mid-rule values that are used but not set.
+For example, warn about unset @code{$$} in the mid-rule action in:
+
+@example
+ exp: '1' @{ $1 = 1; @} '+' exp @{ $$ = $2 + $4; @};
+@end example
+
+These warnings are not enabled by default since they sometimes prove to
+be false alarms in existing grammars employing the Yacc constructs
+@code{$0} or @code{$-@var{n}} (where @var{n} is some positive integer).
+
+
+@item yacc
+Incompatibilities with @acronym{POSIX} Yacc.
+
+@item all
+All the warnings.
+@item none
+Turn off all the warnings.
+@item error
+Treat warnings as errors.
+@end table
+
+A category can be turned off by prefixing its name with @samp{no-}. For
+instance, @option{-Wno-syntax} will hide the warnings about unused
+variables.
@end table
@noindent
already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
@xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
+@item -D @var{name}[=@var{value}]
+@itemx --define=@var{name}[=@var{value}]
+Same as running @samp{%define @var{name} "@var{value}"} (@pxref{Decl
+Summary, ,%define}).
+
@item -L @var{language}
@itemx --language=@var{language}
Specify the programming language for the generated parser, as if
@code{%language} was specified (@pxref{Decl Summary, , Bison Declaration
-Summary}). Currently supported languages include C and C++.
+Summary}). Currently supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
@var{language} is case-insensitive.
+This option is experimental and its effect may be modified in future
+releases.
+
@item --locations
Pretend that @code{%locations} was specified. @xref{Decl Summary}.
grammar file. This option causes them to associate errors with the
parser file, treating it as an independent source file in its own right.
-@item -n
-@itemx --no-parser
-Pretend that @code{%no-parser} was specified. @xref{Decl Summary}.
-
@item -S @var{file}
@itemx --skeleton=@var{file}
-Specify the skeleton to use, as if @code{%skeleton} was specified
+Specify the skeleton to use, similar to @code{%skeleton}
(@pxref{Decl Summary, , Bison Declaration Summary}).
-You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison;
-you should use @option{--language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
-different language, because it is clearer and because it will always
-choose the correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.
+@c You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
+@c You should use @option{--language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
+@c different language, because it is clearer and because it will always
+@c choose the correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.
+
+If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
+file in the Bison installation directory.
+If it does, @var{file} is an absolute file name or a file name relative to the
+current working directory.
+This is similar to how most shells resolve commands.
@item -k
@itemx --token-table
Adjust the output:
@table @option
-@item -d
-@itemx --defines
+@item --defines[=@var{file}]
Pretend that @code{%defines} was specified, i.e., write an extra output
file containing macro definitions for the token type names defined in
the grammar, as well as a few other declarations. @xref{Decl Summary}.
-@item --defines=@var{defines-file}
-Same as above, but save in the file @var{defines-file}.
+@item -d
+This is the same as @code{--defines} except @code{-d} does not accept a
+@var{file} argument since POSIX Yacc requires that @code{-d} can be bundled
+with other short options.
@item -b @var{file-prefix}
@itemx --file-prefix=@var{prefix}
@table @code
@item state
Description of the grammar, conflicts (resolved and unresolved), and
-@acronym{LALR} automaton.
+parser's automaton.
@item lookahead
Implies @code{state} and augments the description of the automaton with
the full set of items for each state, instead of its core only.
@end table
+@item --report-file=@var{file}
+Specify the @var{file} for the verbose description.
+
@item -v
@itemx --verbose
Pretend that @code{%verbose} was specified, i.e., write an extra output
The other output files' names are constructed from @var{file} as
described under the @samp{-v} and @samp{-d} options.
-@item -g
-Output a graphical representation of the @acronym{LALR}(1) grammar
+@item -g [@var{file}]
+@itemx --graph[=@var{file}]
+Output a graphical representation of the parser's
automaton computed by Bison, in @uref{http://www.graphviz.org/, Graphviz}
@uref{http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html, @acronym{DOT}} format.
-If the grammar file is @file{foo.y}, the output file will
-be @file{foo.dot}.
-
-@item --graph=@var{graph-file}
-The behavior of @var{--graph} is the same than @samp{-g}. The only
-difference is that it has an optional argument which is the name of
-the output graph file.
+@code{@var{file}} is optional.
+If omitted and the grammar file is @file{foo.y}, the output file will be
+@file{foo.dot}.
+
+@item -x [@var{file}]
+@itemx --xml[=@var{file}]
+Output an XML report of the parser's automaton computed by Bison.
+@code{@var{file}} is optional.
+If omitted and the grammar file is @file{foo.y}, the output file will be
+@file{foo.xml}.
+(The current XML schema is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
@end table
@node Option Cross Key
@section Option Cross Key
-@c FIXME: How about putting the directives too?
Here is a list of options, alphabetized by long option, to help you find
the corresponding short option.
-@multitable {@option{--defines=@var{defines-file}}} {@option{-b @var{file-prefix}XXX}}
-@headitem Long Option @tab Short Option
-@item @option{--debug} @tab @option{-t}
-@item @option{--defines=@var{defines-file}} @tab @option{-d}
-@item @option{--file-prefix=@var{prefix}} @tab @option{-b @var{file-prefix}}
-@item @option{--graph=@var{graph-file}} @tab @option{-d}
-@item @option{--help} @tab @option{-h}
-@item @option{--name-prefix=@var{prefix}} @tab @option{-p @var{name-prefix}}
-@item @option{--no-lines} @tab @option{-l}
-@item @option{--no-parser} @tab @option{-n}
-@item @option{--output=@var{outfile}} @tab @option{-o @var{outfile}}
-@item @option{--print-localedir} @tab
-@item @option{--token-table} @tab @option{-k}
-@item @option{--verbose} @tab @option{-v}
-@item @option{--version} @tab @option{-V}
-@item @option{--yacc} @tab @option{-y}
+@multitable {@option{--defines=@var{defines-file}}} {@option{-D @var{name}[=@var{value}]}} {@code{%nondeterministic-parser}}
+@headitem Long Option @tab Short Option @tab Bison Directive
+@include cross-options.texi
@end multitable
@node Yacc Library
@c ================================================= C++ Bison
-@node C++ Language Interface
-@chapter C++ Language Interface
+@node Other Languages
+@chapter Parsers Written In Other Languages
@menu
* C++ Parsers:: The interface to generate C++ parser classes
-* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use
+* Java Parsers:: The interface to generate Java parser classes
@end menu
@node C++ Parsers
* C++ Location Values:: The position and location classes
* C++ Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser
* C++ Scanner Interface:: Exchanges between yylex and parse
+* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use
@end menu
@node C++ Bison Interface
@subsection C++ Bison Interface
-@c - %language "C++"
+@c - %skeleton "lalr1.cc"
@c - Always pure
@c - initial action
-The C++ @acronym{LALR}(1) parser is selected using the language directive,
-@samp{%language "C++"}, or the synonymous command-line option
-@option{--language=c++}.
+The C++ deterministic parser is selected using the skeleton directive,
+@samp{%skeleton "lalr1.c"}, or the synonymous command-line option
+@option{--skeleton=lalr1.c}.
@xref{Decl Summary}.
-When run, @command{bison} will create several
-entities in the @samp{yy} namespace. Use the @samp{%name-prefix}
-directive to change the namespace name, see @ref{Decl Summary}. The
-various classes are generated in the following files:
+When run, @command{bison} will create several entities in the @samp{yy}
+namespace.
+@findex %define namespace
+Use the @samp{%define namespace} directive to change the namespace name, see
+@ref{Decl Summary}.
+The various classes are generated in the following files:
@table @file
@item position.hh
The parser invokes the scanner by calling @code{yylex}. Contrary to C
parsers, C++ parsers are always pure: there is no point in using the
-@code{%pure-parser} directive. Therefore the interface is as follows.
+@code{%define api.pure} directive. Therefore the interface is as follows.
@deftypemethod {parser} {int} yylex (semantic_value_type& @var{yylval}, location_type& @var{yylloc}, @var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...)
Return the next token. Its type is the return value, its semantic
@node A Complete C++ Example
-@section A Complete C++ Example
+@subsection A Complete C++ Example
This section demonstrates the use of a C++ parser with a simple but
complete example. This example should be available on your system,
@end menu
@node Calc++ --- C++ Calculator
-@subsection Calc++ --- C++ Calculator
+@subsubsection Calc++ --- C++ Calculator
Of course the grammar is dedicated to arithmetics, a single
expression, possibly preceded by variable assignments. An
@end example
@node Calc++ Parsing Driver
-@subsection Calc++ Parsing Driver
+@subsubsection Calc++ Parsing Driver
@c - An env
@c - A place to store error messages
@c - A place for the result
@}
void
-calcxx_driver::error (const yy::location& l, const std::string& m)
+calcxx_driver::error (const yy::location& l, const std::string& m)
+@{
+ std::cerr << l << ": " << m << std::endl;
+@}
+
+void
+calcxx_driver::error (const std::string& m)
+@{
+ std::cerr << m << std::endl;
+@}
+@end example
+
+@node Calc++ Parser
+@subsubsection Calc++ Parser
+
+The parser definition file @file{calc++-parser.yy} starts by asking for
+the C++ deterministic parser skeleton, the creation of the parser header
+file, and specifies the name of the parser class.
+Because the C++ skeleton changed several times, it is safer to require
+the version you designed the grammar for.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%skeleton "lalr1.cc" /* -*- C++ -*- */
+%require "@value{VERSION}"
+%defines
+%define parser_class_name "calcxx_parser"
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@findex %code requires
+Then come the declarations/inclusions needed to define the
+@code{%union}. Because the parser uses the parsing driver and
+reciprocally, both cannot include the header of the other. Because the
+driver's header needs detailed knowledge about the parser class (in
+particular its inner types), it is the parser's header which will simply
+use a forward declaration of the driver.
+@xref{Decl Summary, ,%code}.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%code requires @{
+# include <string>
+class calcxx_driver;
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The driver is passed by reference to the parser and to the scanner.
+This provides a simple but effective pure interface, not relying on
+global variables.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+// The parsing context.
+%parse-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @}
+%lex-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Then we request the location tracking feature, and initialize the
+first location's file name. Afterwards new locations are computed
+relatively to the previous locations: the file name will be
+automatically propagated.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%locations
+%initial-action
+@{
+ // Initialize the initial location.
+ @@$.begin.filename = @@$.end.filename = &driver.file;
+@};
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Use the two following directives to enable parser tracing and verbose
+error messages.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%define parse.trace
+%define error-verbose
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Semantic values cannot use ``real'' objects, but only pointers to
+them.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+// Symbols.
+%union
+@{
+ int ival;
+ std::string *sval;
+@};
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@findex %code
+The code between @samp{%code @{} and @samp{@}} is output in the
+@file{*.cc} file; it needs detailed knowledge about the driver.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%code @{
+# include "calc++-driver.hh"
+@}
+@end example
+
+
+@noindent
+The token numbered as 0 corresponds to end of file; the following line
+allows for nicer error messages referring to ``end of file'' instead of
+``$end''. Similarly user friendly names are provided for each symbol.
+To avoid name clashes in the generated files (@pxref{Calc++ Scanner}),
+prefix tokens with @code{TOK_} (@pxref{Decl Summary,, token.prefix}).
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%define token.prefix "TOK_"
+%token END 0 "end of file"
+%token ASSIGN ":="
+%token <sval> IDENTIFIER "identifier"
+%token <ival> NUMBER "number"
+%type <ival> exp
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+To enable memory deallocation during error recovery, use
+@code{%destructor}.
+
+@c FIXME: Document %printer, and mention that it takes a braced-code operand.
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%printer @{ debug_stream () << *$$; @} "identifier"
+%destructor @{ delete $$; @} "identifier"
+
+%printer @{ debug_stream () << $$; @} <ival>
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The grammar itself is straightforward.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+%%
+%start unit;
+unit: assignments exp @{ driver.result = $2; @};
+
+assignments:
+ assignments assignment @{@}
+| /* Nothing. */ @{@};
+
+assignment:
+ "identifier" ":=" exp
+ @{ driver.variables[*$1] = $3; delete $1; @};
+
+%left '+' '-';
+%left '*' '/';
+exp:
+ exp '+' exp @{ $$ = $1 + $3; @}
+| exp '-' exp @{ $$ = $1 - $3; @}
+| exp '*' exp @{ $$ = $1 * $3; @}
+| exp '/' exp @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @}
+| '(' exp ')' @{ $$ = $2; @}
+| "identifier" @{ $$ = driver.variables[*$1]; delete $1; @}
+| "number" @{ $$ = $1; @};
+%%
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Finally the @code{error} member function registers the errors to the
+driver.
+
+@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@example
+void
+yy::calcxx_parser::error (const yy::calcxx_parser::location_type& l,
+ const std::string& m)
+@{
+ driver.error (l, m);
+@}
+@end example
+
+@node Calc++ Scanner
+@subsubsection Calc++ Scanner
+
+The Flex scanner first includes the driver declaration, then the
+parser's to get the set of defined tokens.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+%@{ /* -*- C++ -*- */
+# include <cstdlib>
+# include <errno.h>
+# include <limits.h>
+# include <string>
+# include "calc++-driver.hh"
+# include "calc++-parser.hh"
+
+/* Work around an incompatibility in flex (at least versions
+ 2.5.31 through 2.5.33): it generates code that does
+ not conform to C89. See Debian bug 333231
+ <http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=333231>. */
+# undef yywrap
+# define yywrap() 1
+
+/* By default yylex returns an int; we use token_type.
+ The default yyterminate implementation returns 0, which is
+ not of token_type. */
+#define yyterminate() return TOKEN(END)
+%@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Because there is no @code{#include}-like feature we don't need
+@code{yywrap}, we don't need @code{unput} either, and we parse an
+actual file, this is not an interactive session with the user.
+Finally we enable the scanner tracing features.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+%option noyywrap nounput batch debug
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Abbreviations allow for more readable rules.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+id [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z_0-9]*
+int [0-9]+
+blank [ \t]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The following paragraph suffices to track locations accurately. Each
+time @code{yylex} is invoked, the begin position is moved onto the end
+position. Then when a pattern is matched, the end position is
+advanced of its width. In case it matched ends of lines, the end
+cursor is adjusted, and each time blanks are matched, the begin cursor
+is moved onto the end cursor to effectively ignore the blanks
+preceding tokens. Comments would be treated equally.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+%@{
+# define YY_USER_ACTION yylloc->columns (yyleng);
+%@}
+%%
+%@{
+ yylloc->step ();
+%@}
+@{blank@}+ yylloc->step ();
+[\n]+ yylloc->lines (yyleng); yylloc->step ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The rules are simple. The driver is used to report errors. It is
+convenient to use a macro to shorten
+@code{yy::calcxx_parser::token::TOK_@var{Name}} into
+@code{TOKEN(@var{Name})}; note the token prefix, @code{TOK_}.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+%@{
+# define TOKEN(Name) \
+ yy::calcxx_parser::token::TOK_ ## Name
+%@}
+ /* Convert ints to the actual type of tokens. */
+[-+*/()] return yy::calcxx_parser::token_type (yytext[0]);
+":=" return TOKEN(ASSIGN);
+@{int@} @{
+ errno = 0;
+ long n = strtol (yytext, NULL, 10);
+ if (! (INT_MIN <= n && n <= INT_MAX && errno != ERANGE))
+ driver.error (*yylloc, "integer is out of range");
+ yylval->ival = n;
+ return TOKEN(NUMBER);
+@}
+@{id@} @{
+ yylval->sval = new std::string (yytext);
+ return TOKEN(IDENTIFIER);
+@}
+. driver.error (*yylloc, "invalid character");
+%%
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Finally, because the scanner related driver's member function depend
+on the scanner's data, it is simpler to implement them in this file.
+
+@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
+@example
+void
+calcxx_driver::scan_begin ()
@{
- std::cerr << l << ": " << m << std::endl;
+ yy_flex_debug = trace_scanning;
+ if (file == "-")
+ yyin = stdin;
+ else if (!(yyin = fopen (file.c_str (), "r")))
+ @{
+ error (std::string ("cannot open ") + file);
+ exit (1);
+ @}
@}
void
-calcxx_driver::error (const std::string& m)
+calcxx_driver::scan_end ()
@{
- std::cerr << m << std::endl;
+ fclose (yyin);
@}
@end example
-@node Calc++ Parser
-@subsection Calc++ Parser
+@node Calc++ Top Level
+@subsubsection Calc++ Top Level
-The parser definition file @file{calc++-parser.yy} starts by asking for
-the C++ LALR(1) skeleton, the creation of the parser header file, and
-specifies the name of the parser class. Because the C++ skeleton
-changed several times, it is safer to require the version you designed
-the grammar for.
+The top level file, @file{calc++.cc}, poses no problem.
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
+@comment file: calc++.cc
@example
-%language "C++" /* -*- C++ -*- */
-%require "@value{VERSION}"
-%defines
-%define parser_class_name "calcxx_parser"
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-@findex %code requires
-Then come the declarations/inclusions needed to define the
-@code{%union}. Because the parser uses the parsing driver and
-reciprocally, both cannot include the header of the other. Because the
-driver's header needs detailed knowledge about the parser class (in
-particular its inner types), it is the parser's header which will simply
-use a forward declaration of the driver.
-@xref{Table of Symbols, ,%code}.
+#include <iostream>
+#include "calc++-driver.hh"
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-%code requires @{
-# include <string>
-class calcxx_driver;
+int
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+@{
+ int res = 0;
+ calcxx_driver driver;
+ for (++argv; argv[0]; ++argv)
+ if (*argv == std::string ("-p"))
+ driver.trace_parsing = true;
+ else if (*argv == std::string ("-s"))
+ driver.trace_scanning = true;
+ else if (!driver.parse (*argv))
+ std::cout << driver.result << std::endl;
+ else
+ res = 1;
+ return res;
@}
@end example
-@noindent
-The driver is passed by reference to the parser and to the scanner.
-This provides a simple but effective pure interface, not relying on
-global variables.
+@node Java Parsers
+@section Java Parsers
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-// The parsing context.
-%parse-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @}
-%lex-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @}
-@end example
+@menu
+* Java Bison Interface:: Asking for Java parser generation
+* Java Semantic Values:: %type and %token vs. Java
+* Java Location Values:: The position and location classes
+* Java Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser
+* Java Scanner Interface:: Specifying the scanner for the parser
+* Java Action Features:: Special features for use in actions
+* Java Differences:: Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
+* Java Declarations Summary:: List of Bison declarations used with Java
+@end menu
-@noindent
-Then we request the location tracking feature, and initialize the
-first location's file name. Afterwards new locations are computed
-relatively to the previous locations: the file name will be
-automatically propagated.
+@node Java Bison Interface
+@subsection Java Bison Interface
+@c - %language "Java"
+
+(The current Java interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+
+The Java parser skeletons are selected using the @code{%language "Java"}
+directive or the @option{-L java}/@option{--language=java} option.
+
+@c FIXME: Documented bug.
+When generating a Java parser, @code{bison @var{basename}.y} will create
+a single Java source file named @file{@var{basename}.java}. Using an
+input file without a @file{.y} suffix is currently broken. The basename
+of the output file can be changed by the @code{%file-prefix} directive
+or the @option{-p}/@option{--name-prefix} option. The entire output file
+name can be changed by the @code{%output} directive or the
+@option{-o}/@option{--output} option. The output file contains a single
+class for the parser.
+
+You can create documentation for generated parsers using Javadoc.
+
+Contrary to C parsers, Java parsers do not use global variables; the
+state of the parser is always local to an instance of the parser class.
+Therefore, all Java parsers are ``pure'', and the @code{%pure-parser}
+and @code{%define api.pure} directives does not do anything when used in
+Java.
+
+Push parsers are currently unsupported in Java and @code{%define
+api.push-pull} have no effect.
+
+@acronym{GLR} parsers are currently unsupported in Java. Do not use the
+@code{glr-parser} directive.
+
+No header file can be generated for Java parsers. Do not use the
+@code{%defines} directive or the @option{-d}/@option{--defines} options.
+
+@c FIXME: Possible code change.
+Currently, support for tracing is always compiled
+in. Thus the @samp{%define parse.trace} and @samp{%token-table}
+directives and the
+@option{-t}/@option{--debug} and @option{-k}/@option{--token-table}
+options have no effect. This may change in the future to eliminate
+unused code in the generated parser, so use @samp{%define parse.trace}
+explicitly
+if needed. Also, in the future the
+@code{%token-table} directive might enable a public interface to
+access the token names and codes.
+
+Getting a ``code too large'' error from the Java compiler means the code
+hit the 64KB bytecode per method limination of the Java class file.
+Try reducing the amount of code in actions and static initializers;
+otherwise, report a bug so that the parser skeleton will be improved.
+
+
+@node Java Semantic Values
+@subsection Java Semantic Values
+@c - No %union, specify type in %type/%token.
+@c - YYSTYPE
+@c - Printer and destructor
+
+There is no @code{%union} directive in Java parsers. Instead, the
+semantic values' types (class names) should be specified in the
+@code{%type} or @code{%token} directive:
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
@example
-%locations
-%initial-action
-@{
- // Initialize the initial location.
- @@$.begin.filename = @@$.end.filename = &driver.file;
-@};
+%type <Expression> expr assignment_expr term factor
+%type <Integer> number
@end example
-@noindent
-Use the two following directives to enable parser tracing and verbose
-error messages.
+By default, the semantic stack is declared to have @code{Object} members,
+which means that the class types you specify can be of any class.
+To improve the type safety of the parser, you can declare the common
+superclass of all the semantic values using the @code{%define stype}
+directive. For example, after the following declaration:
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
@example
-%debug
-%error-verbose
+%define stype "ASTNode"
@end example
@noindent
-Semantic values cannot use ``real'' objects, but only pointers to
-them.
+any @code{%type} or @code{%token} specifying a semantic type which
+is not a subclass of ASTNode, will cause a compile-time error.
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-// Symbols.
-%union
-@{
- int ival;
- std::string *sval;
-@};
-@end example
+@c FIXME: Documented bug.
+Types used in the directives may be qualified with a package name.
+Primitive data types are accepted for Java version 1.5 or later. Note
+that in this case the autoboxing feature of Java 1.5 will be used.
+Generic types may not be used; this is due to a limitation in the
+implementation of Bison, and may change in future releases.
-@noindent
-@findex %code
-The code between @samp{%code @{} and @samp{@}} is output in the
-@file{*.cc} file; it needs detailed knowledge about the driver.
+Java parsers do not support @code{%destructor}, since the language
+adopts garbage collection. The parser will try to hold references
+to semantic values for as little time as needed.
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-%code @{
-# include "calc++-driver.hh"
-@}
-@end example
+Java parsers do not support @code{%printer}, as @code{toString()}
+can be used to print the semantic values. This however may change
+(in a backwards-compatible way) in future versions of Bison.
-@noindent
-The token numbered as 0 corresponds to end of file; the following line
-allows for nicer error messages referring to ``end of file'' instead
-of ``$end''. Similarly user friendly named are provided for each
-symbol. Note that the tokens names are prefixed by @code{TOKEN_} to
-avoid name clashes.
+@node Java Location Values
+@subsection Java Location Values
+@c - %locations
+@c - class Position
+@c - class Location
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-%token END 0 "end of file"
-%token ASSIGN ":="
-%token <sval> IDENTIFIER "identifier"
-%token <ival> NUMBER "number"
-%type <ival> exp
-@end example
+When the directive @code{%locations} is used, the Java parser
+supports location tracking, see @ref{Locations, , Locations Overview}.
+An auxiliary user-defined class defines a @dfn{position}, a single point
+in a file; Bison itself defines a class representing a @dfn{location},
+a range composed of a pair of positions (possibly spanning several
+files). The location class is an inner class of the parser; the name
+is @code{Location} by default, and may also be renamed using
+@code{%define location_type "@var{class-name}}.
-@noindent
-To enable memory deallocation during error recovery, use
-@code{%destructor}.
+The location class treats the position as a completely opaque value.
+By default, the class name is @code{Position}, but this can be changed
+with @code{%define position_type "@var{class-name}"}. This class must
+be supplied by the user.
-@c FIXME: Document %printer, and mention that it takes a braced-code operand.
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-%printer @{ debug_stream () << *$$; @} "identifier"
-%destructor @{ delete $$; @} "identifier"
-%printer @{ debug_stream () << $$; @} <ival>
-@end example
+@deftypeivar {Location} {Position} begin
+@deftypeivarx {Location} {Position} end
+The first, inclusive, position of the range, and the first beyond.
+@end deftypeivar
-@noindent
-The grammar itself is straightforward.
+@deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{loc})
+Create a @code{Location} denoting an empty range located at a given point.
+@end deftypeop
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-%%
-%start unit;
-unit: assignments exp @{ driver.result = $2; @};
+@deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{begin}, Position @var{end})
+Create a @code{Location} from the endpoints of the range.
+@end deftypeop
-assignments: assignments assignment @{@}
- | /* Nothing. */ @{@};
+@deftypemethod {Location} {String} toString ()
+Prints the range represented by the location. For this to work
+properly, the position class should override the @code{equals} and
+@code{toString} methods appropriately.
+@end deftypemethod
-assignment:
- "identifier" ":=" exp
- @{ driver.variables[*$1] = $3; delete $1; @};
-%left '+' '-';
-%left '*' '/';
-exp: exp '+' exp @{ $$ = $1 + $3; @}
- | exp '-' exp @{ $$ = $1 - $3; @}
- | exp '*' exp @{ $$ = $1 * $3; @}
- | exp '/' exp @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @}
- | "identifier" @{ $$ = driver.variables[*$1]; delete $1; @}
- | "number" @{ $$ = $1; @};
-%%
-@end example
+@node Java Parser Interface
+@subsection Java Parser Interface
+@c - define parser_class_name
+@c - Ctor
+@c - parse, error, set_debug_level, debug_level, set_debug_stream,
+@c debug_stream.
+@c - Reporting errors
-@noindent
-Finally the @code{error} member function registers the errors to the
-driver.
+The name of the generated parser class defaults to @code{YYParser}. The
+@code{YY} prefix may be changed using the @code{%name-prefix} directive
+or the @option{-p}/@option{--name-prefix} option. Alternatively, use
+@code{%define parser_class_name "@var{name}"} to give a custom name to
+the class. The interface of this class is detailed below.
+
+By default, the parser class has package visibility. A declaration
+@code{%define public} will change to public visibility. Remember that,
+according to the Java language specification, the name of the @file{.java}
+file should match the name of the class in this case. Similarly, you can
+use @code{abstract}, @code{final} and @code{strictfp} with the
+@code{%define} declaration to add other modifiers to the parser class.
+A single @code{%define annotations "@var{annotations}"} directive can
+be used to add any number of annotations to the parser class.
+
+The Java package name of the parser class can be specified using the
+@code{%define package} directive. The superclass and the implemented
+interfaces of the parser class can be specified with the @code{%define
+extends} and @code{%define implements} directives.
+
+The parser class defines an inner class, @code{Location}, that is used
+for location tracking (see @ref{Java Location Values}), and a inner
+interface, @code{Lexer} (see @ref{Java Scanner Interface}). Other than
+these inner class/interface, and the members described in the interface
+below, all the other members and fields are preceded with a @code{yy} or
+@code{YY} prefix to avoid clashes with user code.
+
+The parser class can be extended using the @code{%parse-param}
+directive. Each occurrence of the directive will add a @code{protected
+final} field to the parser class, and an argument to its constructor,
+which initialize them automatically.
+
+@deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (@var{lex_param}, @dots{}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})
+Build a new parser object with embedded @code{%code lexer}. There are
+no parameters, unless @code{%parse-param}s and/or @code{%lex-param}s are
+used.
+
+Use @code{%code init} for code added to the start of the constructor
+body. This is especially useful to initialize superclasses. Use
+@code{%define init_throws} to specify any uncatch exceptions.
+@end deftypeop
+
+@deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (Lexer @var{lexer}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})
+Build a new parser object using the specified scanner. There are no
+additional parameters unless @code{%parse-param}s are used.
+
+If the scanner is defined by @code{%code lexer}, this constructor is
+declared @code{protected} and is called automatically with a scanner
+created with the correct @code{%lex-param}s.
+
+Use @code{%code init} for code added to the start of the constructor
+body. This is especially useful to initialize superclasses. Use
+@code{%define init_throws} to specify any uncatch exceptions.
+@end deftypeop
+
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} parse ()
+Run the syntactic analysis, and return @code{true} on success,
+@code{false} otherwise.
+@end deftypemethod
-@comment file: calc++-parser.yy
-@example
-void
-yy::calcxx_parser::error (const yy::calcxx_parser::location_type& l,
- const std::string& m)
-@{
- driver.error (l, m);
-@}
-@end example
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} getErrorVerbose ()
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} setErrorVerbose (boolean @var{verbose})
+Get or set the option to produce verbose error messages. These are only
+available with the @code{%define error-verbose} directive, which also turn on
+verbose error messages.
+@end deftypemethod
-@node Calc++ Scanner
-@subsection Calc++ Scanner
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {void} yyerror (String @var{msg})
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} yyerror (Position @var{pos}, String @var{msg})
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} yyerror (Location @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+Print an error message using the @code{yyerror} method of the scanner
+instance in use. The @code{Location} and @code{Position} parameters are
+available only if location tracking is active.
+@end deftypemethod
-The Flex scanner first includes the driver declaration, then the
-parser's to get the set of defined tokens.
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} recovering ()
+During the syntactic analysis, return @code{true} if recovering
+from a syntax error.
+@xref{Error Recovery}.
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {java.io.PrintStream} getDebugStream ()
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} setDebugStream (java.io.printStream @var{o})
+Get or set the stream used for tracing the parsing. It defaults to
+@code{System.err}.
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {int} getDebugLevel ()
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} setDebugLevel (int @var{l})
+Get or set the tracing level. Currently its value is either 0, no trace,
+or nonzero, full tracing.
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypecv {Constant} {YYParser} {String} {bisonVersion}
+@deftypecvx {Constant} {YYParser} {String} {bisonSkeleton}
+Identify the Bison version and skeleton used to generate this parser.
+@end deftypecv
+
+
+@node Java Scanner Interface
+@subsection Java Scanner Interface
+@c - %code lexer
+@c - %lex-param
+@c - Lexer interface
+
+There are two possible ways to interface a Bison-generated Java parser
+with a scanner: the scanner may be defined by @code{%code lexer}, or
+defined elsewhere. In either case, the scanner has to implement the
+@code{Lexer} inner interface of the parser class. This interface also
+contain constants for all user-defined token names and the predefined
+@code{EOF} token.
+
+In the first case, the body of the scanner class is placed in
+@code{%code lexer} blocks. If you want to pass parameters from the
+parser constructor to the scanner constructor, specify them with
+@code{%lex-param}; they are passed before @code{%parse-param}s to the
+constructor.
+
+In the second case, the scanner has to implement the @code{Lexer} interface,
+which is defined within the parser class (e.g., @code{YYParser.Lexer}).
+The constructor of the parser object will then accept an object
+implementing the interface; @code{%lex-param} is not used in this
+case.
+
+In both cases, the scanner has to implement the following methods.
+
+@deftypemethod {Lexer} {void} yyerror (Location @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+This method is defined by the user to emit an error message. The first
+parameter is omitted if location tracking is not active. Its type can be
+changed using @code{%define location_type "@var{class-name}".}
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {Lexer} {int} yylex ()
+Return the next token. Its type is the return value, its semantic
+value and location are saved and returned by the ther methods in the
+interface.
+
+Use @code{%define lex_throws} to specify any uncaught exceptions.
+Default is @code{java.io.IOException}.
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {Lexer} {Position} getStartPos ()
+@deftypemethodx {Lexer} {Position} getEndPos ()
+Return respectively the first position of the last token that
+@code{yylex} returned, and the first position beyond it. These
+methods are not needed unless location tracking is active.
+
+The return type can be changed using @code{%define position_type
+"@var{class-name}".}
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {Lexer} {Object} getLVal ()
+Return the semantical value of the last token that yylex returned.
+
+The return type can be changed using @code{%define stype
+"@var{class-name}".}
+@end deftypemethod
+
+
+@node Java Action Features
+@subsection Special Features for Use in Java Actions
+
+The following special constructs can be uses in Java actions.
+Other analogous C action features are currently unavailable for Java.
+
+Use @code{%define throws} to specify any uncaught exceptions from parser
+actions, and initial actions specified by @code{%initial-action}.
+
+@defvar $@var{n}
+The semantic value for the @var{n}th component of the current rule.
+This may not be assigned to.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar $<@var{typealt}>@var{n}
+Like @code{$@var{n}} but specifies a alternative type @var{typealt}.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar $$
+The semantic value for the grouping made by the current rule. As a
+value, this is in the base type (@code{Object} or as specified by
+@code{%define stype}) as in not cast to the declared subtype because
+casts are not allowed on the left-hand side of Java assignments.
+Use an explicit Java cast if the correct subtype is needed.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar $<@var{typealt}>$
+Same as @code{$$} since Java always allow assigning to the base type.
+Perhaps we should use this and @code{$<>$} for the value and @code{$$}
+for setting the value but there is currently no easy way to distinguish
+these constructs.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar @@@var{n}
+The location information of the @var{n}th component of the current rule.
+This may not be assigned to.
+@xref{Java Location Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar @@$
+The location information of the grouping made by the current rule.
+@xref{Java Location Values}.
+@end defvar
+
+@deffn {Statement} {return YYABORT;}
+Return immediately from the parser, indicating failure.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Statement} {return YYACCEPT;}
+Return immediately from the parser, indicating success.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Statement} {return YYERROR;}
+Start error recovery without printing an error message.
+@xref{Error Recovery}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Statement} {return YYFAIL;}
+Print an error message and start error recovery.
+@xref{Error Recovery}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deftypefn {Function} {boolean} recovering ()
+Return whether error recovery is being done. In this state, the parser
+reads token until it reaches a known state, and then restarts normal
+operation.
+@xref{Error Recovery}.
+@end deftypefn
+
+@deftypefn {Function} {void} yyerror (String @var{msg})
+@deftypefnx {Function} {void} yyerror (Position @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+@deftypefnx {Function} {void} yyerror (Location @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+Print an error message using the @code{yyerror} method of the scanner
+instance in use. The @code{Location} and @code{Position} parameters are
+available only if location tracking is active.
+@end deftypefn
+
+
+@node Java Differences
+@subsection Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
+
+The different structure of the Java language forces several differences
+between C/C++ grammars, and grammars designed for Java parsers. This
+section summarizes these differences.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Java lacks a preprocessor, so the @code{YYERROR}, @code{YYACCEPT},
+@code{YYABORT} symbols (@pxref{Table of Symbols}) cannot obviously be
+macros. Instead, they should be preceded by @code{return} when they
+appear in an action. The actual definition of these symbols is
+opaque to the Bison grammar, and it might change in the future. The
+only meaningful operation that you can do, is to return them.
+See @pxref{Java Action Features}.
+
+Note that of these three symbols, only @code{YYACCEPT} and
+@code{YYABORT} will cause a return from the @code{yyparse}
+method@footnote{Java parsers include the actions in a separate
+method than @code{yyparse} in order to have an intuitive syntax that
+corresponds to these C macros.}.
+
+@item
+Java lacks unions, so @code{%union} has no effect. Instead, semantic
+values have a common base type: @code{Object} or as specified by
+@code{%define stype}. Angle backets on @code{%token}, @code{type},
+@code{$@var{n}} and @code{$$} specify subtypes rather than fields of
+an union. The type of @code{$$}, even with angle brackets, is the base
+type since Java casts are not allow on the left-hand side of assignments.
+Also, @code{$@var{n}} and @code{@@@var{n}} are not allowed on the
+left-hand side of assignments. See @pxref{Java Semantic Values} and
+@pxref{Java Action Features}.
+
+@item
+The prolog declarations have a different meaning than in C/C++ code.
+@table @asis
+@item @code{%code imports}
+blocks are placed at the beginning of the Java source code. They may
+include copyright notices. For a @code{package} declarations, it is
+suggested to use @code{%define package} instead.
+
+@item unqualified @code{%code}
+blocks are placed inside the parser class.
+
+@item @code{%code lexer}
+blocks, if specified, should include the implementation of the
+scanner. If there is no such block, the scanner can be any class
+that implements the appropriate interface (see @pxref{Java Scanner
+Interface}).
+@end table
+
+Other @code{%code} blocks are not supported in Java parsers.
+In particular, @code{%@{ @dots{} %@}} blocks should not be used
+and may give an error in future versions of Bison.
+
+The epilogue has the same meaning as in C/C++ code and it can
+be used to define other classes used by the parser @emph{outside}
+the parser class.
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node Java Declarations Summary
+@subsection Java Declarations Summary
+
+This summary only include declarations specific to Java or have special
+meaning when used in a Java parser.
+
+@deffn {Directive} {%language "Java"}
+Generate a Java class for the parser.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %lex-param @{@var{type} @var{name}@}
+A parameter for the lexer class defined by @code{%code lexer}
+@emph{only}, added as parameters to the lexer constructor and the parser
+constructor that @emph{creates} a lexer. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Scanner Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %name-prefix "@var{prefix}"
+The prefix of the parser class name @code{@var{prefix}Parser} if
+@code{%define parser_class_name} is not used. Default is @code{YY}.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @{@var{type} @var{name}@}
+A parameter for the parser class added as parameters to constructor(s)
+and as fields initialized by the constructor(s). Default is none.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %token <@var{type}> @var{token} @dots{}
+Declare tokens. Note that the angle brackets enclose a Java @emph{type}.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %type <@var{type}> @var{nonterminal} @dots{}
+Declare the type of nonterminals. Note that the angle brackets enclose
+a Java @emph{type}.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} %code @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
+Code appended to the inside of the parser class.
+@xref{Java Differences}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} {%code imports} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
+Code inserted just after the @code{package} declaration.
+@xref{Java Differences}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} {%code init} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
+Code inserted at the beginning of the parser constructor body.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Directive} {%code lexer} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
+Code added to the body of a inner lexer class within the parser class.
+@xref{Java Scanner Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-%@{ /* -*- C++ -*- */
-# include <cstdlib>
-# include <errno.h>
-# include <limits.h>
-# include <string>
-# include "calc++-driver.hh"
-# include "calc++-parser.hh"
+@deffn {Directive} %% @var{code} @dots{}
+Code (after the second @code{%%}) appended to the end of the file,
+@emph{outside} the parser class.
+@xref{Java Differences}.
+@end deffn
-/* Work around an incompatibility in flex (at least versions
- 2.5.31 through 2.5.33): it generates code that does
- not conform to C89. See Debian bug 333231
- <http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=333231>. */
-# undef yywrap
-# define yywrap() 1
+@deffn {Directive} %@{ @var{code} @dots{} %@}
+Not supported. Use @code{%code imports} instead.
+@xref{Java Differences}.
+@end deffn
-/* By default yylex returns int, we use token_type.
- Unfortunately yyterminate by default returns 0, which is
- not of token_type. */
-#define yyterminate() return token::END
-%@}
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define abstract}
+Whether the parser class is declared @code{abstract}. Default is false.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@noindent
-Because there is no @code{#include}-like feature we don't need
-@code{yywrap}, we don't need @code{unput} either, and we parse an
-actual file, this is not an interactive session with the user.
-Finally we enable the scanner tracing features.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define annotations} "@var{annotations}"
+The Java annotations for the parser class. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-%option noyywrap nounput batch debug
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define extends} "@var{superclass}"
+The superclass of the parser class. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@noindent
-Abbreviations allow for more readable rules.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define final}
+Whether the parser class is declared @code{final}. Default is false.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-id [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z_0-9]*
-int [0-9]+
-blank [ \t]
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define implements} "@var{interfaces}"
+The implemented interfaces of the parser class, a comma-separated list.
+Default is none.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@noindent
-The following paragraph suffices to track locations accurately. Each
-time @code{yylex} is invoked, the begin position is moved onto the end
-position. Then when a pattern is matched, the end position is
-advanced of its width. In case it matched ends of lines, the end
-cursor is adjusted, and each time blanks are matched, the begin cursor
-is moved onto the end cursor to effectively ignore the blanks
-preceding tokens. Comments would be treated equally.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define init_throws} "@var{exceptions}"
+The exceptions thrown by @code{%code init} from the parser class
+constructor. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-%@{
-# define YY_USER_ACTION yylloc->columns (yyleng);
-%@}
-%%
-%@{
- yylloc->step ();
-%@}
-@{blank@}+ yylloc->step ();
-[\n]+ yylloc->lines (yyleng); yylloc->step ();
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define lex_throws} "@var{exceptions}"
+The exceptions thrown by the @code{yylex} method of the lexer, a
+comma-separated list. Default is @code{java.io.IOException}.
+@xref{Java Scanner Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@noindent
-The rules are simple, just note the use of the driver to report errors.
-It is convenient to use a typedef to shorten
-@code{yy::calcxx_parser::token::identifier} into
-@code{token::identifier} for instance.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define location_type} "@var{class}"
+The name of the class used for locations (a range between two
+positions). This class is generated as an inner class of the parser
+class by @command{bison}. Default is @code{Location}.
+@xref{Java Location Values}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-%@{
- typedef yy::calcxx_parser::token token;
-%@}
- /* Convert ints to the actual type of tokens. */
-[-+*/] return yy::calcxx_parser::token_type (yytext[0]);
-":=" return token::ASSIGN;
-@{int@} @{
- errno = 0;
- long n = strtol (yytext, NULL, 10);
- if (! (INT_MIN <= n && n <= INT_MAX && errno != ERANGE))
- driver.error (*yylloc, "integer is out of range");
- yylval->ival = n;
- return token::NUMBER;
-@}
-@{id@} yylval->sval = new std::string (yytext); return token::IDENTIFIER;
-. driver.error (*yylloc, "invalid character");
-%%
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define package} "@var{package}"
+The package to put the parser class in. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@noindent
-Finally, because the scanner related driver's member function depend
-on the scanner's data, it is simpler to implement them in this file.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define parser_class_name} "@var{name}"
+The name of the parser class. Default is @code{YYParser} or
+@code{@var{name-prefix}Parser}.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll
-@example
-void
-calcxx_driver::scan_begin ()
-@{
- yy_flex_debug = trace_scanning;
- if (file == "-")
- yyin = stdin;
- else if (!(yyin = fopen (file.c_str (), "r")))
- @{
- error (std::string ("cannot open ") + file);
- exit (1);
- @}
-@}
+@deffn {Directive} {%define position_type} "@var{class}"
+The name of the class used for positions. This class must be supplied by
+the user. Default is @code{Position}.
+@xref{Java Location Values}.
+@end deffn
-void
-calcxx_driver::scan_end ()
-@{
- fclose (yyin);
-@}
-@end example
+@deffn {Directive} {%define public}
+Whether the parser class is declared @code{public}. Default is false.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@node Calc++ Top Level
-@subsection Calc++ Top Level
+@deffn {Directive} {%define stype} "@var{class}"
+The base type of semantic values. Default is @code{Object}.
+@xref{Java Semantic Values}.
+@end deffn
-The top level file, @file{calc++.cc}, poses no problem.
+@deffn {Directive} {%define strictfp}
+Whether the parser class is declared @code{strictfp}. Default is false.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
-@comment file: calc++.cc
-@example
-#include <iostream>
-#include "calc++-driver.hh"
+@deffn {Directive} {%define throws} "@var{exceptions}"
+The exceptions thrown by user-supplied parser actions and
+@code{%initial-action}, a comma-separated list. Default is none.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
-int
-main (int argc, char *argv[])
-@{
- calcxx_driver driver;
- for (++argv; argv[0]; ++argv)
- if (*argv == std::string ("-p"))
- driver.trace_parsing = true;
- else if (*argv == std::string ("-s"))
- driver.trace_scanning = true;
- else if (!driver.parse (*argv))
- std::cout << driver.result << std::endl;
-@}
-@end example
@c ================================================= FAQ
* I can't build Bison:: Troubleshooting
* Where can I find help?:: Troubleshouting
* Bug Reports:: Troublereporting
-* Other Languages:: Parsers in Java and others
+* More Languages:: Parsers in C++, Java, and so on
* Beta Testing:: Experimenting development versions
* Mailing Lists:: Meeting other Bison users
@end menu
@display
My parser includes support for an @samp{#include}-like feature, in
which case I run @code{yyparse} from @code{yyparse}. This fails
-although I did specify I needed a @code{%pure-parser}.
+although I did specify @code{%define api.pure}.
@end display
These problems typically come not from Bison itself, but from
Send bug reports to @email{bug-bison@@gnu.org}.
-@node Other Languages
-@section Other Languages
+@node More Languages
+@section More Languages
@display
-Will Bison ever have C++ support? How about Java or @var{insert your
+Will Bison ever have C++ and Java support? How about @var{insert your
favorite language here}?
@end display
-C++ support is there now, and is documented. We'd love to add other
+C++ and Java support is there now, and is documented. We'd love to add other
languages; contributions are welcome.
@node Beta Testing
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %code @{@var{code}@}
-@findex %code
-This is the unqualified form of the @code{%code} directive.
-It inserts @var{code} verbatim at the default location in the output.
-That default location is determined by the selected target language and/or
-parser skeleton.
-
-@cindex Prologue
-For the current C/C++ skeletons, the default location is the parser source code
-file after the usual contents of the parser header file.
-Thus, @code{%code} replaces the traditional Yacc prologue,
-@code{%@{@var{code}%@}}, for most purposes.
-For a detailed discussion, see @ref{Prologue Alternatives}.
-
-@comment For Java, the default location is inside the parser class.
-
-(Like all the Yacc prologue alternatives, this directive is experimental.
-More user feedback will help to determine whether it should become a permanent
-feature.)
-@end deffn
-
-@deffn {Directive} %code @var{qualifier} @{@var{code}@}
-This is the qualified form of the @code{%code} directive.
-If you need to specify location-sensitive verbatim @var{code} that does not
-belong at the default location selected by the unqualified @code{%code} form,
-use this form instead.
-
-@var{qualifier} identifies the purpose of @var{code} and thus the location(s)
-where Bison should generate it.
-Not all values of @var{qualifier} are available for all target languages:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@findex %code requires
-@item requires
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item Language(s): C, C++
-
-@item Purpose: This is the best place to write dependency code required for
-@code{YYSTYPE} and @code{YYLTYPE}.
-In other words, it's the best place to define types referenced in @code{%union}
-directives, and it's the best place to override Bison's default @code{YYSTYPE}
-and @code{YYLTYPE} definitions.
-
-@item Location(s): The parser header file and the parser source code file
-before the Bison-generated @code{YYSTYPE} and @code{YYLTYPE} definitions.
-@end itemize
-
-@item provides
-@findex %code provides
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item Language(s): C, C++
-
-@item Purpose: This is the best place to write additional definitions and
-declarations that should be provided to other modules.
-
-@item Location(s): The parser header file and the parser source code file after
-the Bison-generated @code{YYSTYPE}, @code{YYLTYPE}, and token definitions.
-@end itemize
-
-@item top
-@findex %code top
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item Language(s): C, C++
-
-@item Purpose: The unqualified @code{%code} or @code{%code requires} should
-usually be more appropriate than @code{%code top}.
-However, occasionally it is necessary to insert code much nearer the top of the
-parser source code file.
-For example:
-
-@smallexample
-%code top @{
- #define _GNU_SOURCE
- #include <stdio.h>
-@}
-@end smallexample
-
-@item Location(s): Near the top of the parser source code file.
-@end itemize
-@ignore
-@item imports
-@findex %code imports
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item Language(s): Java
-
-@item Purpose: This is the best place to write Java import directives.
-
-@item Location(s): The parser Java file after any Java package directive and
-before any class definitions.
-@end itemize
-@end ignore
-@end itemize
-
-(Like all the Yacc prologue alternatives, this directive is experimental.
-More user feedback will help to determine whether it should become a permanent
-feature.)
-
-@cindex Prologue
-For a detailed discussion of how to use @code{%code} in place of the
-traditional Yacc prologue for C/C++, see @ref{Prologue Alternatives}.
-@end deffn
-
-@deffn {Directive} %debug
-Equip the parser for debugging. @xref{Decl Summary}.
+@deffnx {Directive} %code @var{qualifier} @{@var{code}@}
+Insert @var{code} verbatim into output parser source.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,%code}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %debug
@end deffn
@end ifset
+@deffn {Directive} %define @var{define-variable}
+@deffnx {Directive} %define @var{define-variable} @var{value}
+Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,%define}.
+@end deffn
+
@deffn {Directive} %defines
Bison declaration to create a header file meant for the scanner.
@xref{Decl Summary}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %error-verbose
-Bison declaration to request verbose, specific error message strings
-when @code{yyerror} is called.
+An obsolete directive standing for @samp{%define error-verbose}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %file-prefix "@var{prefix}"
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %left
-Bison declaration to assign left associativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and left associativity to token(s).
@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
@end deffn
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %nonassoc
-Bison declaration to assign nonassociativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and nonassociativity to token(s).
@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
@end deffn
@xref{Contextual Precedence, ,Context-Dependent Precedence}.
@end deffn
+@deffn {Directive} %precedence
+Bison declaration to assign precedence to token(s), but no associativity
+@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
+@end deffn
+
@deffn {Directive} %pure-parser
-Bison declaration to request a pure (reentrant) parser.
-@xref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}.
+Deprecated version of @code{%define api.pure} (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%define}),
+for which Bison is more careful to warn about unreasonable usage.
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %require "@var{version}"
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %right
-Bison declaration to assign right associativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and right associativity to token(s).
@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
@end deffn
making @code{yyparse} return 1 immediately. The error reporting
function @code{yyerror} is not called. @xref{Parser Function, ,The
Parser Function @code{yyparse}}.
+
+For Java parsers, this functionality is invoked using @code{return YYABORT;}
+instead.
@end deffn
@deffn {Macro} YYACCEPT
Macro to pretend that a complete utterance of the language has been
read, by making @code{yyparse} return 0 immediately.
@xref{Parser Function, ,The Parser Function @code{yyparse}}.
+
+For Java parsers, this functionality is invoked using @code{return YYACCEPT;}
+instead.
@end deffn
@deffn {Macro} YYBACKUP
@code{yyerror} and then perform normal error recovery if possible
(@pxref{Error Recovery}), or (if recovery is impossible) make
@code{yyparse} return 1. @xref{Error Recovery}.
+
+For Java parsers, this functionality is invoked using @code{return YYERROR;}
+instead.
@end deffn
@deffn {Function} yyerror
User-supplied function to be called by @code{yyparse} on error.
-@xref{Error Reporting, ,The Error
-Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}.
+@xref{Error Reporting, ,The Error Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Macro} YYERROR_VERBOSE
-An obsolete macro that you define with @code{#define} in the prologue
-to request verbose, specific error message strings
-when @code{yyerror} is called. It doesn't matter what definition you
-use for @code{YYERROR_VERBOSE}, just whether you define it. Using
-@code{%error-verbose} is preferred.
+An obsolete macro used in the @file{yacc.c} skeleton, that you define
+with @code{#define} in the prologue to request verbose, specific error
+message strings when @code{yyerror} is called. It doesn't matter what
+definition you use for @code{YYERROR_VERBOSE}, just whether you define
+it. Using @code{%define error-verbose} is preferred (@pxref{Error
+Reporting, ,The Error Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}).
@end deffn
@deffn {Macro} YYINITDEPTH
@deffn {Variable} yynerrs
Global variable which Bison increments each time it reports a syntax error.
-(In a pure parser, it is a local variable within @code{yyparse}.)
+(In a pure parser, it is a local variable within @code{yyparse}. In a
+pure push parser, it is a member of yypstate.)
@xref{Error Reporting, ,The Error Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}.
@end deffn
parsing. @xref{Parser Function, ,The Parser Function @code{yyparse}}.
@end deffn
+@deffn {Function} yypstate_delete
+The function to delete a parser instance, produced by Bison in push mode;
+call this function to delete the memory associated with a parser.
+@xref{Parser Delete Function, ,The Parser Delete Function
+@code{yypstate_delete}}.
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Function} yypstate_new
+The function to create a parser instance, produced by Bison in push mode;
+call this function to create a new parser.
+@xref{Parser Create Function, ,The Parser Create Function
+@code{yypstate_new}}.
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Function} yypull_parse
+The parser function produced by Bison in push mode; call this function to
+parse the rest of the input stream.
+@xref{Pull Parser Function, ,The Pull Parser Function
+@code{yypull_parse}}.
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Function} yypush_parse
+The parser function produced by Bison in push mode; call this function to
+parse a single token. @xref{Push Parser Function, ,The Push Parser Function
+@code{yypush_parse}}.
+(The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
+More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
+@end deffn
+
@deffn {Macro} YYPARSE_PARAM
An obsolete macro for specifying the name of a parameter that
@code{yyparse} should accept. The use of this macro is deprecated, and
@end deffn
@deffn {Macro} YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA
-Macro used to control the use of @code{alloca} when the C
-@acronym{LALR}(1) parser needs to extend its stacks. If defined to 0,
+Macro used to control the use of @code{alloca} when the
+deterministic parser in C needs to extend its stacks. If defined to 0,
the parser will use @code{malloc} to extend its stacks. If defined to
1, the parser will use @code{alloca}. Values other than 0 and 1 are
reserved for future Bison extensions. If not defined,
@cindex glossary
@table @asis
+@item Accepting State
+A state whose only action is the accept action.
+The accepting state is thus a consistent state.
+@xref{Understanding,,}.
+
@item Backus-Naur Form (@acronym{BNF}; also called ``Backus Normal Form'')
Formal method of specifying context-free grammars originally proposed
by John Backus, and slightly improved by Peter Naur in his 1960-01-02
committee document contributing to what became the Algol 60 report.
@xref{Language and Grammar, ,Languages and Context-Free Grammars}.
+@item Consistent State
+A state containing only one possible action.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.default-reductions}.
+
@item Context-free grammars
Grammars specified as rules that can be applied regardless of context.
Thus, if there is a rule which says that an integer can be used as an
permitted. @xref{Language and Grammar, ,Languages and Context-Free
Grammars}.
+@item Default Reduction
+The reduction that a parser should perform if the current parser state
+contains no other action for the lookahead token.
+In permitted parser states, Bison declares the reduction with the
+largest lookahead set to be the default reduction and removes that
+lookahead set.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.default-reductions}.
+
@item Dynamic allocation
Allocation of memory that occurs during execution, rather than at
compile time or on entry to a function.
@item Generalized @acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR})
A parsing algorithm that can handle all context-free grammars, including those
-that are not @acronym{LALR}(1). It resolves situations that Bison's
-usual @acronym{LALR}(1)
+that are not @acronym{LR}(1). It resolves situations that Bison's
+deterministic parsing
algorithm cannot by effectively splitting off multiple parsers, trying all
possible parsers, and discarding those that fail in the light of additional
right context. @xref{Generalized LR Parsing, ,Generalized
for example, `expression' or `declaration' in C@.
@xref{Language and Grammar, ,Languages and Context-Free Grammars}.
+@item @acronym{IELR}(1)
+A minimal @acronym{LR}(1) parser table generation algorithm.
+That is, given any context-free grammar, @acronym{IELR}(1) generates
+parser tables with the full language recognition power of canonical
+@acronym{LR}(1) but with nearly the same number of parser states as
+@acronym{LALR}(1).
+This reduction in parser states is often an order of magnitude.
+More importantly, because canonical @acronym{LR}(1)'s extra parser
+states may contain duplicate conflicts in the case of
+non-@acronym{LR}(1) grammars, the number of conflicts for
+@acronym{IELR}(1) is often an order of magnitude less as well.
+This can significantly reduce the complexity of developing of a grammar.
+@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.type}.
+
@item Infix operator
An arithmetic operator that is placed between the operands on which it
performs some operation.
@item @acronym{LALR}(1)
The class of context-free grammars that Bison (like most other parser
-generators) can handle; a subset of @acronym{LR}(1). @xref{Mystery
-Conflicts, ,Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts}.
+generators) can handle by default; a subset of @acronym{LR}(1).
+@xref{Mystery Conflicts, ,Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts}.
@item @acronym{LR}(1)
The class of context-free grammars in which at most one token of
@node Copying This Manual
@appendix Copying This Manual
-
-@menu
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
-@end menu
-
@include fdl.texi
@node Index
@c LocalWords: akim fn cp syncodeindex vr tp synindex dircategory direntry
@c LocalWords: ifset vskip pt filll insertcopying sp ISBN Etienne Suvasa
@c LocalWords: ifnottex yyparse detailmenu GLR RPN Calc var Decls Rpcalc
-@c LocalWords: rpcalc Lexer Gen Comp Expr ltcalc mfcalc Decl Symtab yylex
+@c LocalWords: rpcalc Lexer Expr ltcalc mfcalc yylex
@c LocalWords: yyerror pxref LR yylval cindex dfn LALR samp gpl BNF xref
@c LocalWords: const int paren ifnotinfo AC noindent emph expr stmt findex
@c LocalWords: glr YYSTYPE TYPENAME prog dprec printf decl init stmtMerge
@c LocalWords: infile ypp yxx outfile itemx tex leaderfill
@c LocalWords: hbox hss hfill tt ly yyin fopen fclose ofirst gcc ll
@c LocalWords: nbar yytext fst snd osplit ntwo strdup AST
-@c LocalWords: YYSTACK DVI fdl printindex
+@c LocalWords: YYSTACK DVI fdl printindex IELR
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